At present, there are three main types of pension insurance models in the world: First, the "pay-as-you-go system" represented by the United States, Britain and Germany. All contributions from employers and employees will be put into the social pooling fund without setting up individual accounts. Pensions will be paid uniformly from the social pooling fund, and the shortfall will be directly allocated by the finance department. The biggest advantage of the pay-as-you-go system is that it is easy to operate and manage. However, it uses the contributions of the working people to directly pay the pensions of the retirees. Under the pressure of the aging population, it has overwhelmed the finances and made the working people lose confidence.

The second is Southeast Asian countries represented by Singapore and Latin American countries represented by Chile. The model they implement is called the "complete fund system" or "compulsory savings system." There is no overall account, only individual accounts. Employees pay a single payment or the employer and employee pay simultaneously, and all payments go into the personal account. The fully funded system completely emphasizes individual contribution, with the single pillar of "personal account" carrying the personal pension load, and the ability to resist risks is very fragile.

The third is the "partial accumulation system" or "partial fund system" represented by Sweden. Set up two types of accounts (social pooling + personal accounts), and put the employer's and employee's contributions into the social pooling account and personal account respectively. When pensions are paid, they will be spent from the above two accounts in proportion. Beneficiaries in the same region receive the same proportion of benefits from social pooling accounts, but the difference lies in the amount of benefits each beneficiary receives from their personal accounts. The longer the insured period and the higher the income during the employment period, the greater the pension they will receive.

Countries around the world have many successful experiences in solving the pension gap problem, including: 1. Improving the standards for receiving pensions. For example, France increased the work required for public sector employees to receive full pensions. years. 2. Reform the indexation method of pension payment and change it from being linked to the income index to being linked to the price index. 3. Change the linkage with pre-tax wages to the real after-tax wages. 4. Reform the pension calculation method, such as changing "final income" or "highest income in n years" in the original formula to "average income over a lifetime", etc. 5. Delay retirement: Raise the legal retirement age and encourage older employees to continue working to delay the time they receive pensions. Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands allow older employees who wish to work for a few more years to continue working; Germany encourages retirees to work part-time such as half-time, and imposes penalties on early retirees by deducting part of their pensions. From an international perspective, in countries that have established pension insurance systems, the retirement age for most male and female employees is 63 to 65 years old.