IV. Marine science and technology has spread its wings and taken off in carrying out the policy of rejuvenating the country through science and education
From p>1996 to 25, China's marine science and technology has developed rapidly in an all-round way. In May 1995, the Central Committee of China and the State Council issued the Decision on Accelerating the Progress of Science and Technology and held the National Science and Technology Conference to mobilize the whole party and society to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. The strategic policy of rejuvenating the country through science and education guides the development of marine science and technology in China.
In terms of marine investigation and scientific investigation, the Second Baseline Survey of Marine Pollution in China has been basically completed, which provides an important scientific basis for mastering the quality of offshore marine environment in China. In order to meet the needs of delimitation and management of sea areas after the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, China organized and implemented the special project of exclusive economic zone and continental shelf survey for the first time, conducted a systematic investigation and research on relevant sea areas, established China's first comprehensive database of exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, and made China's multi-beam application technology and seabed survey and research enter the advanced ranks in the world. In 2, China organized and implemented a special project of investigation and research on the marine environment in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, which improved the understanding of the marine environment in this area. In September, 23, the State Council officially approved the special project of "Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment of China's Offshore Ocean", aiming at further clarifying the China Sea and providing basic data for marine resources development and environmental assessment.
Since 1999, China has conducted two scientific expeditions to the Arctic, and in 24, China established the first scientific expedition to the Arctic "Yellow River Station". The purpose of Arctic expedition is to evaluate the impact of Arctic change on China's climate and environment, and to study the predictability of this impact. On January 18th, 25, during the 21st Antarctic expedition in China, the inland ice sheet expedition team climbed to the highest point of Antarctic inland ice dome A-8 22 ′ ″ south latitude and 77 21 ′ 11 ″ east longitude, with an altitude of 4,93 meters. This is the first time that humans have reached this area from the ground. So far, all four points of the South Pole have been conquered by humans: Pole-America, Freezing Point-Russia, Magnetic Point-France, and High Point-China. Subsequently, Chinese scientific researchers collected more than 5, meteorites, including Martian meteorites and lunar meteorites, making China's Antarctic meteorites nearly 1,, ranking third in the world.
from April, 25 to January, 26, China launched its first comprehensive global marine scientific expedition, spanning three oceans, with a voyage of 43,23 nautical miles and a duration of 297 days. The mining areas rich in cobalt crusts were initially delineated, and the environmental baseline and polymetallic nodules were investigated in the polymetallic nodule contract area, and a large number of sulfide, microorganism, macroorganism, sediment and hydrothermal samples were obtained. This comprehensive survey of the global ocean is of milestone significance in the history of China's ocean scientific research.
In marine basic scientific research, marine basic research projects have been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, and nine marine basic research projects have been supported by the National Key Basic Research Plan. Basic research on offshore circulation, marine ecosystem, mariculture diseases, formation and evolution of marginal seas, red tides and other aspects has been carried out successively, and a number of high-level achievements have been obtained, which has initiated a new era of marine science development in China. China took the lead in deciphering the complete genome sequence of white spot baculovirus of prawn in the world, and was rated as one of the "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress in China in 2". In 1999, in order to study "the record of East Asian monsoon history in the South China Sea and its global climate impact" and enhance our understanding of monsoon climate change, the 184th voyage of Ocean Drilling (ODP184) was carried out in the South China Sea, further shortening the gap between China's marine geological research and advanced countries in the world.
In terms of international cooperation in marine science, the cooperation between China and the United States, China and Japan, China and Canada, China and Germany, and China and France has been further strengthened, and the cooperation between China and South Korea, China and India, and China and countries around the South China Sea has also been strengthened. Up to now, China has established bilateral cooperation in marine science and technology with more than 4 countries and regions, and actively participated in major international cooperative research programs in marine science, such as global marine ecological dynamics, coastal land-sea interaction, global ecology and oceanography of harmful red tides, ocean drilling, and international ARGO.
In marine high-tech research, China has successively organized and implemented the National 863 Plan and the Scientific and Technological Key-up Plan, which has enabled China's marine technology to develop by leaps and bounds and promoted national economic construction and social development.
in terms of marine monitoring technology, we have broken through a number of key technologies in marine dynamic environment monitoring and satellite remote sensing application, developed a number of key marine instruments and equipment, established a three-dimensional monitoring demonstration system for marine dynamic environment in the Yangtze River estuary and Taiwan Province Strait, and a comprehensive monitoring demonstration system for ecological environment in Bohai Sea, and implemented a standardization project for technological achievements, thus improving China's marine environmental monitoring capability on the whole.
In the aspect of marine biotechnology, research has been carried out on the improvement of marine cultured germplasm, marine drugs, functional genes of marine organisms and so on. The industrialization of a number of excellent marine culture germplasm has been realized, more than ten new marine drugs have entered clinical research, and a number of marine biological functional gene technologies have been obtained, which has established China's international position in marine biological functional gene research. A number of achievement transformation, pilot test and industrialization bases have been established, which has promoted the development of marine aquaculture and marine biological high technology in China.
in terms of marine exploration and resource development technology, research has been carried out on key technologies such as exploration of oil and gas hydrate resources in deep waters, exploration of ocean mineral resources and three-dimensional detection and imaging of the seabed, and a number of key technologies and equipment have been developed, which have provided technical support for China's oil and gas resources evaluation and exploration of ocean mineral resources, and improved the capabilities of China's marine geological survey and exploration of ocean resources as a whole.
in terms of deep-sea research technology and equipment, the first 6m autonomous underwater robot "CR-1" in China was born in June, 1997, and reached a diving depth of 5176m in the Pacific sea trial. A 7m manned submersible is being developed. Independently developed a deep-sea sediment trap.
technological progress has significantly improved China's ability to explore and develop marine resources. During this period, 3.6-1 million tons of large oilfield in Suizhong of Liaodong Bay in Bohai Sea, 1.1-1 million tons of large oilfield in Liuhua of Pearl River Mouth Basin in South China Sea and Penglai 19-3 integrated oilfield in Bohai Sea, the largest offshore oilfield in China, have been discovered successively. In 24, the distribution area of "cold spring" carbonate rocks with an area of 43 square kilometers was first discovered on the northern slope of the South China Sea, which is an important evidence for the existence of natural gas hydrate. After decades of development, seawater desalination technology has possessed the design and engineering capacity of 1,-ton seawater and sub-seawater desalination, and has entered the stage of industrial development.
in the aspect of marine public service capacity building, the special project of "China Marine Environment Monitoring System-Ocean Station and Volunteer Ship Observation System" was implemented, which realized the effective monitoring of marine environment in coastal, offshore and adjacent ocean areas of China. On May 15th, 22, China's first marine satellite HY-1 was launched, which was a milestone in the history of China's marine science and technology development, ending the history of China's lack of marine satellites and fulfilling the dream of the older generation of scientists. In the future, China will launch marine water color, marine dynamic environment and marine monitoring satellites one after another. China has initially established a relatively complete operational numerical forecasting system for marine environment, and has made important progress in the research of numerical forecasting technology for storm surge, waves, sea ice, SST, tsunami, ocean current, El Nino and red tide. A relatively complete marine information system has been established, and formal data exchange relations have been established with more than 13 institutions in more than 6 countries. Marine standard measurement has become an important part of the national standard measurement system and played an important role in marine business and capacity building.
after 5 years of hard work, China's marine scientific and technological capabilities have already possessed the foundation for innovation and rapid development. China's marine science and technology work has basically formed a strategic pattern of facing the main battlefield of economic construction, developing high-tech and strengthening basic research, and has formed a relatively complete marine scientific research and technology development system. It has the ability of multidisciplinary comprehensive ocean survey and observation from space, high altitude, sea surface, seawater layer, seabed to crust, and basically realized the grand long-cherished wish of "finding out the Sea of China, marching into the three oceans and landing in Antarctica". Significantly shortened the gap with the international level of marine science and technology development, and played an important role in promoting and leading the development of marine economy. At present, there are more than 13 scientific research institutions and institutions involved in the sea, with more than 13, scientific and technological personnel, and a group of marine scientific and technological teams with academicians of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Engineering as the core; A number of national and provincial key laboratories, marine information sharing platforms and databases, marine microorganisms and polar resources preservation centers have been built; Equipped with a number of advanced marine comprehensive survey vessels and professional survey vessels. These scientific and technological capabilities will create conditions and lay an important foundation for the future innovative development and further take-off of China's marine science and technology.
v. Innovation is the focus of China's marine science and technology in the future
China's marine science and technology industry has gone through 5 years of development. After several generations of hard and sustained struggle, we have made encouraging achievements, greatly improved China's international status and inspired our national spirit. The role of marine science and technology in the development of marine industry is becoming more and more prominent, and its contribution rate to marine economy is gradually increasing; Marine science and technology has transformed the traditional marine industry, led the formation and development of emerging marine industries, and supported the construction of a maritime power.
at the same time, we must be soberly aware that compared with developed marine countries, the overall level of marine science and technology in China is still far behind. The self-sufficiency rate of key technologies is low, the number of invention patents is small, and the main marine instruments depend on imports; Deep-sea resource exploration and environmental observation technology and equipment are still relatively backward; The level of scientific research needs to be improved, and outstanding top-notch talents are scarce; The investment in science and technology is relatively insufficient, and there are still many drawbacks in the system and mechanism. Although China is a maritime power, it is not yet a maritime power. One of the fundamental reasons lies in its weak ability of scientific and technological innovation.
The Outline of the National Medium-and Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (26-22) has made a comprehensive plan and deployment for China's scientific and technological development in the next 15 years, which has raised the development of marine science and technology to a new historical height, and the ocean has become one of the five strategic areas of the country's advanced deployment. Application technologies such as seawater desalination, marine ecology and environmental protection, efficient development and utilization of marine resources, and large-scale marine engineering technology and equipment have become priority themes in key development areas; Marine technology is listed as a cutting-edge technology, and marine science has become an important content in basic research.
In the future, our marine scientists and technicians will face both rare historical opportunities and severe challenges from all sides. We should adhere to the guidance of Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development, implement the spirit of the National Science and Technology Conference, deepen offshore research, participate in deep-sea competition, expand ocean and polar research, develop strategic cutting-edge technologies, overcome urgently needed key technologies, continuously improve our understanding of marine laws and strive to build a marine science and technology innovation system under the guidance of the national science and technology policy of "independent innovation, key leapfrogging, supporting development and leading the future". Provide strong scientific and technological support for safeguarding national rights and security, developing marine economy and protecting marine ecological environment, and make new and greater contributions to building a maritime power and building a well-off society in an all-round way.