Economic factors are the internal driving force for the development of green buildings. Economics uses costs and benefits to explain human economic behavior. Cost and benefit are the basis of the feasibility of green building, and green building needs to consider social, economic and environmental costs and benefits. For example, the energy-saving problem of green buildings, the external wall insulation layer needs to be increased to a certain thickness, which will bring certain economic costs (increasing costs by 3% ~ 7%), but overall, the benefits of building energy-saving are still greater than the costs.
In the green building market, there are many stakeholders, such as consumers, development institutions, design institutions and construction institutions. The purpose of developers developing green buildings is that green buildings can bring more profits. Consumers choose green building because it can bring a better living environment, thus improving the quality of life and work efficiency. The purpose of architects' design of green buildings is to open up the design market brought by technological innovation of green buildings. The purpose of promoting green building is the environmental health of cities and regions and the employment opportunities brought by green building industry. The government needs to integrate the interests of various economic entities and form a "joint force" to promote the development of green buildings.
In order to solve the problems in the market, green buildings need to conform to the laws of market economy and have their own particularity. From the spatial impact of green buildings on the environment, green buildings will be affected by external effects. From the time impact of green buildings on the environment, green buildings are affected by time effect; From the technical cost of green buildings, green buildings are affected by the law of diminishing returns.
External effects are common in green buildings, because the beautiful environment brought by green buildings requires economic costs. Beautiful environment (income) is enjoyed by people, and the cost needs to be borne by consumers themselves, which is the external effect in green buildings. For example, in order to save energy, Beijing Huilongguan affordable housing community adopts household heating. However, due to the low occupancy rate of the community, the room temperature of adjacent rooms is very low during the heating period in winter, and a lot of heat is wasted through the floor and the walls of residents. Some users spend as much as 8000 yuan on heating in winter, which is due to external influences.
In terms of time, green buildings focus on the impact of buildings on the environment in the "life cycle" (China stipulates that the life span of buildings is 50 to 70 years). Therefore, due to people's time preference, environmental damage and cost saving in the distant future become less important.
Due to the external effect and time effect, the cost and income do not match, and the main body of market economy may not choose green buildings from its own interests. Therefore, in order to promote green buildings, either compulsory measures-policies and regulations, or economic incentives are needed, and economic incentives are part of the economic cost of green buildings borne by society. For example, the construction project in solar energy heating, Germany, and the ecological village in Burramfeld, Hamburg, cost 6 million marks, of which 4 million marks are used to build heat collectors, reservoirs and heating pipe networks, 3 million marks are borne by the federal government, and 6,543,800,000 marks are borne by the Hamburg municipal government. In order to encourage the use of solar energy, the German government allows solar power generation to enter the urban power grid and buy it at the price of 1 Deutsche Mark 1 kWh.
The zero-energy development project in Beddington, England, realizes zero-energy consumption in the construction and use stages of buildings through measures such as recycling or recycling of building materials, efficient building insulation performance, utilization of solar energy and wind energy, and improvement of energy system efficiency. Because of its environmental friendliness and innovative housing projects, the World Wide Fund for Nature provides financial support, Sutton municipal government encourages it with low land price, and people recognize green buildings, the income of developers and residents has been increased, achieving a win-win situation for market economic entities.
The law of diminishing returns means that when other conditions remain unchanged, the increase of input does not increase the output in proportion, but decreases. Green building needs technical support, which will bring technical costs, so there is a problem of cost input. The amount and investment of green building must conform to the national conditions of China, so as to maximize the benefits. Appropriate technology is the inevitable choice of green building under the law of diminishing returns.
Wuhan Qingshan Green Park adopts comprehensive energy-saving technology, which does not increase much, but improves the living comfort and reduces energy consumption. A set of 1.20 m2 ordinary residence can recover the investment cost in 4 ~ 6 years. The impact of the whole demonstration project on the construction cost is about 300 yuan per square meter. At the opening, the average price was only 2,200 yuan, and the surrounding rough houses reached 1.800 yuan ~ 2,000 yuan, while the Green Garden was solar-powered, intelligent, fully renovated, and the house was of high quality, and the people thought it was worth the money.
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