Reasonable and effective institutional arrangements are an important guarantee for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. At present, domestic scholars have put forward their own opinions from the aspects of venture capital mechanism innovation, intellectual property system innovation, and institutional innovation in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
(1) Innovation of venture capital mechanism
Zhao Dawei (2004) drew on the development experience of developed countries and proposed that only by accelerating the development of the venture capital system can enterprises, universities and scientific research institutions in the transformation stage of scientific and technological achievements be compensated. There is a gap between institutional financing capacity, state financial support, private capital investment and bank loans. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a complete and sound investment mechanism to ensure sufficient venture capital funds. Zhang Xinglong (2000) further believes that the establishment of a venture capital system can activate the capital operation market, clear financing channels, organically combine risks and equity, and transform the past simple financing form into a mechanism that organically integrates investment, supervision, and participation in politics. In this way, the transformation work of major scientific and technological achievements will be more fully demonstrated, the evaluation will be more objective, and the conclusions will be more accurate. Once all parties in the project reach a common understanding, the transformation of results is fundamentally guaranteed.
Zhang Pu and Zhang Xuedong (2001) believe that venture capital is a financing tool developed to adapt to the high risk and high return characteristics of high and new technologies. The establishment of a venture capital mechanism can solve the problem of insufficient funds for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in my country. question. It is recommended to establish a venture capital mechanism from the following aspects: using venture capital funds as the main form, giving full play to private power, socializing the sources of venture capital, encouraging banks, insurance companies, and enterprise groups to invest in venture capital companies, and activating the venture capital capital market . Improve the service quality and credibility of institutions such as project evaluation, accounting and auditing, legal consulting and property rights definition, and give full play to their role in the process of venture capital activities. In addition to the securities market and property rights trading market, our country should also establish a national second sector market with centralized management, unified supervision, and standardized operation for the investment of venture capital funds, and provide multi-level listing and exit investment channels for venture capital. The government should strengthen the macro-control and guidance of venture capital and provide special legal basis for venture capital operations through special laws. The government should also use tax leverage and preferential credit to guide social funds into the field of venture capital and create a good policy environment for venture capital. Hu Weiwei (2006) holds the same opinion on this, but on this basis, proposes to establish a practical scientific evaluation system for high-tech products to evaluate the risks and benefits of unlisted high-tech enterprises in order to reduce the risk of venture capital enterprises blindness.
Zou Dongjun (2002) pointed out from the perspective of promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in universities that universities should establish a partnership with venture capital companies in which risks are shared and benefits are shared. In this way, during the cooperation process, both parties can leverage their strengths, avoid weaknesses, and complement each other's strengths. In the process of industrializing their achievements, colleges and universities can make full use of the company's advantages in financing, talent, information, etc.
(2) Constructing a reasonable intellectual property system
In view of the important position of intellectual property in system changes, there are abundant studies on intellectual property. Experts and scholars have given their opinions from different perspectives. Countermeasures and suggestions were made.
Cao Qinrun and Jiang Meishi (2004) believe that the essence of intellectual property system obstacles is the concrete manifestation of the conflict between man-made social systems or systems and the inherent objective laws of scientific and technological development. The Financial Law and Property Rights can be comprehensively used. Law and other relevant policies to guide and develop the market, automatically and rationally allocate scientific and technological R&D resources through the market and promote the healthy operation of the R&D process, and promote the combination of capital and technology, technology and economy, so as to achieve the goal of government, industry, academia, research, and business. of integration.
Yang Ping and Zhang Yuan (2010) pointed out that the transformation of scientific and technological achievements needs to be based on clear property rights boundaries of scientific and technological achievements. Clear property rights boundaries of scientific and technological achievements will help owners of successful scientific and technological property rights obtain reasonable benefits. Returns, increased investment in research and development of technology projects, and more conducive to the entry of venture capital. After the property rights boundaries of scientific and technological achievements are clear, the property rights information of scientific and technological achievements can be published through the property rights registration process of scientific and technological achievements. This will inevitably contribute to the formation of a scientific and technological achievements information platform and make the scientific and technological achievements information platform a source of water.
Li Xunan (2004) believes that there are two main problems in the protection of patent intellectual property rights in my country: first, the lack of awareness of patent intellectual property protection and the understanding and research of patent strategic knowledge; second, the lack of good scientific and technological Achievement transformation operating mechanism and the formation of strong scientific and technological achievement transformation capabilities. The key to innovation in the patent intellectual property system is to improve the overall awareness of patent intellectual property protection and the ability to apply patent strategies, and to establish an independent technological innovation system for enterprises with the market as the core.
Specifically, it is to strengthen the allocation and training of organizational construction professionals for patent strategic management to promote the formation and improvement of corporate patent operation mechanisms; to selectively form a number of high-tech industries with independent intellectual property rights, and to transform a number of Traditional industries; the evaluation of high-tech research results should change from focusing on the number and level of published papers to obtaining invention patents; more use rights and income rights should be transferred to contracting units and inventors, and mobilization should be based on the interest mechanism The enthusiasm of patent inventors and implementers; establish a government fund system to support overseas patent applications, so that my country's national industries can be protected in the international market, and drive enterprises to develop independent knowledge by adopting a series of tax exemption systems and government procurement systems for patented products. The vitality of property rights innovation; establish a sharing mechanism for industry-university-research cooperation and enterprise cooperation to realize the optimal allocation and use of innovative resource elements; promote the optimal allocation of innovative resource elements such as capital, technology, and talents through the property rights flow combination mechanism, and promote multiple Channels and multiple investment entities participate in the formation of technological innovation cooperation and science and technology investment power mechanisms; strengthen the construction of patent information release and exchange systems, and promote the effective use of patent information resources and patent circulation.
Guo Hongbo (2005) compared the legal systems for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements at home and abroad and found that compared with economically developed countries, China's intellectual property legal system still has room for improvement in stimulating technological innovation and transformation of achievements. It is recommended to improve from the following aspects: improve the ownership system of intellectual property rights, make clear and specific definitions of "office results" and "non-office results" in the Patent Law and Copyright Law, and increase operability. To solve the balance mechanism of the rights and interests of scientific research institutions and scientific and technological personnel in terms of intellectual property rights. Reduce the time limit for applying for and granting invention patents, and effectively change the problem of excessive time costs for patent applicants. Establish and improve the legal system for the equity of intellectual property rights, and stipulate the definition, types, pricing methods, investment proportions, rights and obligations of investors, etc. of intellectual property investment to encourage the rapid transformation of scientific and technological knowledge achievements. Add provisions on punitive damages to the legal system for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements to provide more adequate judicial protection for scientific and technological innovation subjects and rights holders.
Zhao Dawei (2004) discussed the protection of intellectual property rights in industry-university-research cooperation from the perspective of distribution, pointing out that in the practice of industry-university-research cooperation, one-time payment for technology transfer is the main method, and this distribution method is difficult to Reflecting the principle of maximum risk sharing and maximum sharing of benefits is not conducive to the healthy development of industry-university-research cooperation. It is recommended to gradually establish a responsibility system for industry-university-research cooperation innovation interests and risk sharing, and achieve hierarchical and phased decomposition. Risk responsibility makes the size of the income depend on factors such as the amount of investment and the control of project progress initiative.
Leng Junfeng and Li Mingsheng (2008), from the perspective of intellectual property inventors, pointed out that universities, scientific research institutes and enterprises should establish patent and other intellectual property management systems, raise funds from multiple sources for scientific research results, and actively Apply for patents and form a patent creation, protection and application system. Considering that patents and other intellectual property rights are highly dependent on scientific and technological personnel, we can agree on the ownership ratio of personal intellectual property rights between the unit and scientific researchers according to the provisions of the Contract Law and the Patent Law, and carry out effective property rights division. Property rights lay the foundation for the effective transformation of patented results, and can also prevent the loss of results caused by scientific and technological personnel being dissatisfied with the distribution method.
Qian Feng (2011) suggested that the government establish a professional and authoritative technology assessment agency from the perspective of patent pledge financing to prevent large differences in the results of patent value assessments by different agencies. Formulate patent pledge loan policies and related evaluation, transfer, guarantee, interest discount and other policies as soon as possible, build corresponding operating platforms, operating procedures and expert databases, and set up patent pledge loan risk compensation funds to provide patent pledge loans issued by banks. Compensate for risks.
Guo Baitao et al. (2003) pointed out the importance of patent documents, emphasizing that patent documents are an information carrier integrating technical information, legal information, and economic information. They contain huge strategic information resources and should be fully utilized. This information can provide strategic decision-making basis for the country's rejuvenating the country through science and education and technological innovation projects, promote the flow of information on scientific and technological achievements, and accelerate the transformation, promotion and application of scientific and technological achievements.
(3) Innovation in the transformation system of scientific and technological achievements
The system will create an external pressure to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements by relevant parties. For the transformation system of innovative scientific and technological achievements, the main ones are The following views:
Wu Xiang (2002) believes that the current situation of separation of scientific research and production in my country makes it difficult to quickly transform high-tech achievements into productivity. We should implement the separation of administrative research and encourage scientific research institutes to enter enterprises in a reasonable way. Or operate in an entrepreneurial manner to shorten the distance between science, technology, and production and promote the rapid transformation of potential productivity into actual productivity. Zhang Pu and Zhang Xuedong (2001) also pointed out that the current enterprises owned by scientific research institutes have problems such as too single capital structure, insufficient standardization of enterprise system operation, and unclear definition of enterprise assets. It is recommended that scientific research institutes be transformed into enterprises in accordance with the requirements of the modern enterprise system. A small number of large scientific research institutes can be formed into holding companies to exercise state-owned asset management and property rights management.
For small and medium-sized scientific research institutes, they can be transformed into science and technology enterprises, or directly enter large enterprise groups, or transform into knowledge-intensive enterprises that provide technology transfer, technical services and consulting, and technical training for enterprises and the market, or become intermediary services The organization implements corporate management.
Mei Changchao (2003) believes that my country's scientific and technological system reform is relatively lagging behind, and the evaluation system that ignores the market development prospects of scientific research results has led to a disconnect between scientific research and the market. It is recommended to establish a science and technology system that adapts to the market economy; reform the scientific research funding system, reduce government funding and implement a technology contract system for most applied research and technology development institutions, forcing their scientific research work to be more market-oriented; develop the technology market and promote technology Commercialization of achievements; changing the current situation in which scientific research institutions are separated from enterprises, and R&D, pilot testing and industrialization of achievements are separated, promoting the diversion and reorganization of scientific research institutions and scientific and technological personnel, and encouraging scientific research institutions to transform or enter enterprises; national direct evaluation system The scope is narrowed and mainly used for "direct control projects" to encourage theoretical research; a market evaluation system is established for "market-led projects", mainly in the form of achievement transformation benefits and social evaluation; the enthusiasm for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is stimulated and the The economic benefits of scientific and technological achievements serve as an important indicator for scientific research projects, funding investment and evaluation of research institutions.
Tan Hua et al. (2010) believe that the prerequisite for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is that the scientific and technological achievements themselves are of high quality. In order to improve the quality of scientific and technological achievements, we should deal with those technologies that are advanced in technology, highly applicable, and have obvious economic benefits. Topics that can create the conditions to complete the research tasks as quickly as possible will be given priority during project establishment and application; during the project research process, regular inspections and supervision will be carried out; during the appraisal of results, the appraisal of results will be carried out in strict accordance with the procedures to ensure the quality of the appraisal. In addition, the proportion of scientific research investment must be correctly determined and gradually institutionalized. It is necessary to strengthen applied research and scientific and technological development, promote the transformation of results, and ensure the scientific research potential of basic research work. It is necessary to thoroughly reform a series of management systems for science and technology project establishment, scientific research topic selection, project organization, achievement review and professional title assessment. The establishment and selection of science and technology projects must be based on and market-oriented, with market competitiveness, market efficiency, independent innovation and independent intellectual property rights as the starting point and final goal. The review of scientific and technological achievements must abandon the shortcomings of "expert review" and establish a new mechanism that combines "expert review" with "market review", "user review" and "management review" to truly realize the evaluation and management of scientific and technological achievements. Inherent integration with production applications and market operations.
(4) Other related research
In addition to the various institutional innovations mentioned above, many scholars have also given suggestions for institutional changes from other perspectives.
Wang Shuiping, Jiang Han (2005) and other scholars pointed out that the current development of my country's technology market is still not perfect, the growth of technology service intermediaries is weak, and the overall quality of brokerage technology practitioners is low, making transactions in the technology market The scale and transaction rate are severely restricted. To change this status quo, we should further improve the macro management of the technology market, establish a fair, just and open market competition order, and promote the development of the technology market in terms of scale, structure, level and management. . Promote the connection between the technology market and the information, labor, finance, property rights and other markets, construct a national unified and open market system, and through policy and financial support, reallocate and rationally utilize the scientific and technological resources of universities, continuously improve the technology market, and establish Social service system in the market field and public sector.
Yang Ping and Zhang Yuan (2010) pointed out from the perspective of information platforms that the lack of information platforms for scientific and technological achievements will lead to the inability of the government to formulate guiding policies based on supply and demand in a timely manner when formulating policies, thus leading to the failure of science and technology. A vicious cycle that cannot be established through the integrated chain of "government, industry, academia and research" for the transformation of achievements. Through the establishment of a trading market, companies can seek funds and technological achievements in a variety of ways, apply various combinations, and always ensure maximum benefits from the transfer and integration of property rights of scientific and technological achievements.