Quantum mechanics itself is counter-common sense and very abstract, but the anomalies come from experiments, not theories.
Actually, not normal? Quantum entanglement? 、? Quantum tunnel? 、? Not sure? Principles, these are all experimental phenomena, they are real, and about? Parallel universe? Just a puzzling phenomenon of quantum mechanics? Explain? This explanation is just a guess.
So what? Parallel universe? Does it exist or not? Or what is the probability that this explanation will come true?
Sanpai
The fact is that there are more than a dozen explanations about quantum mechanics, one of which may or may not be right. The mainstream theory is headed by Bohr? Copenhagen school? Interpretation is also the most recognized by scientists at present.
And then what? Parallel universe? It is not the mainstream theory itself, and it is popular because the brain hole is too big. This is a good subject for hardcore science fiction, but we are not sure whether it is true or not, because there is no way to prove it.
There are mainstream theories headed by Einstein? Certainty? The dispute between the two brothers and lovers also left a famous saying handed down from generation to generation: God doesn't roll dice? .
Quantum mechanics is too abstract. Let me focus on it and put it in a popular way. Quantum mechanics? Why there are so many explanations, how the parallel universe came about.
Schrodinger's Cat
Let's talk about animals first, and then the theory is easier to understand. There are four beasts in physics, one of which is? Schrodinger's cat? . It's about: in a box, there is a cat, a bottle of poison and a quantum device. When the atoms in the device decay, the quantum device will break the poison and the cat will die. If there is no decay, then the cat is still alive. Q: Is the cat dead or alive after unpacking?
If you want to know whether the cat is dead or alive, you must open the box to know. Under normal circumstances, there are only two kinds of results, either dead or alive, and these two probabilities are 50% and 50% respectively. This probability is obtained by physicists through the probability of atomic decay and is also the knowledge of all physicists. Now that we have reached an understanding, what is there to argue about?
Three explanations
What scientists want to study is not the phenomenon, but the essence. Why is this happening? What is the principle? That is to say, was the cat dead or alive before the box was opened? What happened after opening it? Did the atom decay or not?
Gepai: Birth and death.
Gepai's explanation: This is a cat coming back from the dead. What? Yes, I didn't make a mistake, but I'm dead and alive. And you have to remember this explanation, right? Or? , is it? And then what? It's not two States, the state of being dead and alive at the same time, it's a state, which is very important. By extension, this state is called life and death? Superposition state? When the box is opened, the superposition state disappears, showing life and death. Anyway, there must be a result.
Don't talk about you, Einstein also disagreed and didn't understand this explanation. Schrodinger actually made this cat to disgust Bohr, which means that quantum superposition is impossible, just like cats can't live or die. However, there was a time when Gepai had the last laugh, but this cat became the best teaching material.
Love School and Xue School: Life or Death
Ai Pai knows very well that the cat was dead or alive in the box before it was opened, and the result after it was opened was the state of the cat before it was opened.
parallel universes
Everett said: Before it was opened, it was all in a universe. This cat is a superposition of Godpai. When the box is opened, the universe splits like a cell. If the cat you see is dead, it is alive in another universe.
If this is a fantastic theory, let's just say that we are happy. The key person is a physicist, who is also very rigorous and has scientific basis.
Simply put, it used to be a superposition state, but after the box was opened, only one state appeared, which is different from the state of quantum mechanics. Information conservation? It is the opposite, so there must be another state somewhere, but the other state has nothing to do with our universe, so the explanation of parallel universe comes out.
wave-particle duality
In addition, there are many explanations of 10, which is unprecedented in physics. Of course, every explanation is not fabricated out of thin air and has its own basis. How strange is quantum mechanics that makes you have so many differences and disagreements? This brings us to the core of quantum mechanics: wave-particle duality.
You should have heard many explanations about quantum. The most common is holding a 40-meter-long machete and chopping energy indefinitely. In the end, energy is divided into equal small particles, which can no longer be divided. This smallest indivisible unit is called. Quantum? .
I want to say this explanation? No? You can imagine quantum as a particle in your mind, but quantum is really not a particle or a point. It is always moving and never stops. It is more like a cloud, the dust in a cloud.
Take a particle, throw a pebble into pure water, and you will find that water molecules are not randomly strung together, but arranged in order to form water ripples and spread outward. Quantum is similar to water, it can be a wave with fluctuation, or it can be a particle with particle properties and its own physical characteristics.
The difference is quantum.
Wave and particle have two different properties at the same time, which is the duality of wave and particle. You must not say alone that it is either a wave or a particle.
More importantly, water waves are made up of many water molecules, but
A quantum can hold up the whole stage, and it will form waves by itself.
This is a little hard to understand. Let me give you another example: two teams are playing football, and no spectators are allowed. At the end of the game, only one player walked out of the stadium. The reporter asked him, what about others? He said a striker, center, defender, goalkeeper and so on, but it's all him! And both teams are him!
Everyone didn't believe it. Everyone came to watch the next game and found that there was only one player playing football. When everyone closed their eyes and opened them again, they found that the position of that person had changed, then closed their eyes and opened them again to become a goalkeeper and another pair of goalkeepers. So everyone kept closing their eyes and opening their eyes, and found that people from all positions of the two teams appeared.
This person is a particle, that is to say.
Particles embody all the states of waves.
electron cloud
Will this person become someone else off the court? Can't! Electrons are also particles with wave-particle duality. In our impression, electrons should be like this:
In fact, he looks like this:
But the above picture is only a simulation, and we didn't see such a big fluctuation. That's invisible. How do we know this is the case?
Just like that cat. Every time the box is opened, a status will be displayed. Every time we check the position of the electron,
There is a certain probability of appearing in a certain position, but the specific position in the probability distribution is random.
We can't judge its position and speed at the same time to confirm where it will appear next time. But after measuring and recording again and again, just like that football match, you will gradually find that although we can't confirm the next ranking in advance, the recorded data will reflect a certain probability distribution, and we can draw a distribution map according to its distribution probability. (Extension: In quantum mechanics, velocity and position belong to a pair of superimposed states, which will change, so they will appear? Uncertainty principle? )
From the image, we find that the electron is like a ball? Cloud? , so it is also called electron cloud, which has a certain shape because of its probability distribution. In electron orbits with different energy levels, the darker the color, the greater the probability of catching electrons.
But you can't call it wave-particle duality? Electronic cloud? ,
Is it continuous and discontinuous at the same time? Particles? In each of our measurements, the final position of particles is measured, and the sum of particle positions constitutes a fluctuating cloud. This wave and particle form is normal in quantum mechanics and always exists.
So you should regard a person as a team and a team as a person. It's both a team and a person. If you can understand this core, you can understand most problems of quantum mechanics without burning your brain.
Looking back, let's take a look at the explanations of the three schools. When a photon does not hit the screen, it is an energy cloud. We can calculate the distribution probability of photons by Schrodinger's wave function, and we can calculate its shape, as if photons are everywhere. This is a deterministic probability distribution. But when photons hit the screen, they just show a point, and where this point will fall is uncertain. Even God didn't know that when the energy cloud was about to hit the screen, God said, OK, I'll roll the dice. This is a good number. Why don't you put it there? ! All this is a temporary decision.
This exists everywhere on the screen at the same time. When it falls, it gives the result at random, which is called wave function collapse in quantum mechanics.
Einstein said: This is not right. I agree with the probability distribution before the measurement, but the position before the photon falls must be certain, and it is impossible to exist in all positions at the same time. It's just that we measured it many times and got a bunch of probabilities, which covered up the truth behind the photons, but we didn't know what properties the photons showed at that time!
Parallel Universe Theory: The single result information that exists in all locations at the same time and finally presents is not conserved, so the places where photons fall in countless universes are different. The photon information of all universes is conserved before the photons fall in our universe!
This is the origin of the parallel universe!