Who issued this pen? There has been a saying that Montaigne made pens since ancient times, but there is no biography of Montaigne in history books. Only Zhang Hua's Natural History records Montaigne's pen making. Under the unification of the Qin Dynasty in 22 1 BC, Meng Tian was made a civil history because of his merits. This position has something to do with using a pen, because writing manuscripts, narratives and essays is the duty of a historian, which may also be the reason why Meng Tian changed to a writing tool. The natural history says "make" pens, but "make" doesn't necessarily mean invention, but it can also mean manufacturing.
There is a passage in Ma Su's Notes on China in Ancient and Modern Times, or it can be said that the Ming people thought that Meng Tiandu was wrong to write clearly. "Niu Xiang asked," If there was a book contract in ancient times, there should be a pen. What does the world mean by Meng Tianzao's pen? Answer: "I have been A Qin's pen ear since Meng Tian, with rubbings (also known as dead wood) as the tube, deer hair as the column and wool as the quilt, not a rabbit's bamboo tube. "That is to say, Meng Tian only used dead wood, deer hair, wool, etc. To make pens used by their state of Qin. Ma Su's annotation is similar to Cui Bao's annotation in Jin Dynasty, saying that "the ear of Qin Dynasty was made in Meng Tian ..." 。
In fact, before Meng Tian, there was a long history of writing in ancient times, such as writing "Erya Shi Qi" with "irregular pen". The Book of Rites and Quli have the saying that "history carries pens, scholars carry characters", and The Original has the saying that "Fu Chu carved characters with wood, Xuan Yuan wrote with a knife, Yu Shun made pens and painted books". There is a saying in the book that "the tortoise bears the picture, and the Duke of Zhou writes with the pen". In addition, it is recorded in the Warring States Policy that when she died, she told her son to "pick up a pen and accept words." According to the historical facts of respecting books and music, Xu clearly explained the original reason why Meng Tian made a pen in his Notes for Beginners: or at that time, many countries didn't have the name of a pen, only Qin had it, and Meng Tian even "damaged" (improved) the pen.
I'm afraid it's hard to find the answer to the question, only some people in the Neolithic age. From the appearance of ancient cultural relics in recent years, it can be proved that the calligraphy and painting on bamboo slips and silk books are all made of hairbrushes, and also hairbrushes made of bamboo and wooden poles, such as 1954 Warring States pen, which appeared in Changsha ancient tomb. The pen tube and sleeve (the whole pen is placed in the sleeve) are made of bamboo, and the pen tip is made of animal hair, which can be rabbit hair. The pen is 2 1 cent long and the sleeve is 23.5 cents long. Obviously, the knowledge of gold wares in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was not written in hard pen. It can be seen that Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty was written with a brush and then engraved. Dong Zuobin, a scholar of Academia Sinica, said in the case study of Oracle bone inscriptions dating that there were some words written in brush and ink on cattle bones from 1400 to 1200 BC, but there were no inscriptions. In the same way, on pottery, there is also a big word written with brush and ink-"Sacrifice" on the Yin pottery piece unearthed in Anyang.
In earlier prehistoric times, painted pottery from Neolithic sites such as Yangshao and Xi 'an Banpo in the south of the Yangtze River had to be painted with soft brushes. Painted pottery with figures, birds, carts and wheels was also found in Gan Suxin's shop. Some scholars think that it is China's relatively primitive picture writing. In the past hundred years, many ancient pottery have been unearthed from the earth. By the Qin dynasty, more than 800 words of pottery had been collected, and less than half of them could be recognized.
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The history of pen development
With the great development of economy and culture in Han Dynasty, the invention of paper promoted the further progress of writing brush. Besides rabbit hair and wool, pens for writing are made of deer hair, raccoon hair, wolf hair and other raw materials. Some of its pen-making methods are to use rabbit hair as a pen holder and wool as a pen cover, or to mix blue wool and rabbit hair with dozens of stems with human hair tips, cut them into a flush shape, and wrap the column roots with hemp paper (see Wang Xizhi's "Pen Classic"). Therefore, China's pen is both rigid and flexible, which can also be described as an early "double brush". At this time, for the texture of the pen tube, decoration has gradually attached importance to it, and some are decorated with gold and silver. According to "Miscellanies of Xijing", the pens used by the Emperor of Heaven are all decorated with wrong treasures, and the hair is all autumn rabbits, while "miscellaneous treasures are boxes and toilets are jade, all of which are worth a hundred gold". Tang Bingjun, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, also said in the Book of Pens, Volume III of Textual Research on Literati Painting: "Chinese pen, gold engraving, jade ornaments, ear beads ornaments and jade writing. Non-rhinoceros must use ivory, which is extremely gorgeous. " At this time, the pen is not only a tool for painting and calligraphy, but also a work of art.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, people had the habit of wearing a brush needle on their heads for decoration. So the pen container is very long, about 20 cm long, and the name of the craftsman is often engraved on the pen container. The end of the pen is sharpened and colored, which is called "white pen". "White pen" refers to a new pen that has not been dipped in ink, so it is named after its use as a new pen. There was a "white pen" system in Han Dynasty. Officials in the Han Dynasty often wore writing brushes for the convenience of playing with things.
The style of calligraphy in Wei and Jin dynasties is no longer fashionable, and the pen container is gradually becoming shorter. During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a man named Zhong You in the state of Wei, who was from (present-day Shaanxi 'an). He is a literary talent and good at writing words, and is famous for his pen and ink. At that time, his pen was called Shan Wei's pen, and he wrote a volume of "Pen Jing". In Qi Yao Min Shu, Jia Sixie introduced Dan Wei's pen-making method in detail: "First, comb rabbit hair and wool with iron to remove their dirty hair, pat them all neatly with the comb palm, flatten the ends of hair tips to make them all flat, and the wool shrinks to the bottom of rabbit hair, and then roll them flat to make them extremely round, which makes the whole hair painful." From the above records, we can see Dan Wei's pen-making method, which also reflects the process and characteristics of pen-making in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Sui and Tang brush is short and hard, and it is popular in Xuancheng, Anhui. Among them, the famous pen makers are:
Huang Hui 1. According to legend, he got Montaigne's pen-making method, and the pen he made was called "Ji Jiao Pen". Ji Jiao is a toe-like protruding part behind a rooster's paw, hence its name, because the front is as short and sharp as Ji Jiao.
2. Xuanzhou Chen. Xuanzhou (now Xuancheng County, Anhui Province) is a famous pen maker in the Tang Dynasty, whose name is unknown. According to legend, calligraphers at that time especially liked Chen's pen. Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Jin Dynasty, once wrote "Seeking a Pen" and asked Master Chen Zu for a pen. Liu Gongquan, a famous calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, also asked Chen for a pen. Song Shaobo's "Record after Listening" contains: "The Chen family in Xuanzhou passed on the right army's" Bhikkhu Tie "and later took it as his pen name. Liu Gongquan asked for a pen, and he left two, saying that he could get the public rights book back later without giving up. If it turns out, it is easier to write often. It is said that the former has the right to use a pen, and public power cannot be used. "
3. Zhuge's Its pen is made of one or two kinds of animal hair, which is durable and as famous as Xuanzhou Chen at that time. Zheng Wenbao's "Jiang Biao Zhi" contains: "Wang Yichun Qian Congxi studied calligraphy, learned two Wang Kai methods, used Xuancheng Zhuge pen, and paid ten gold for one. At that time, Kim's nickname was' Qiao Xuanbao broom'. " In the Tang Dynasty, Zhuge's pen was highly praised by poets and calligraphers.
In the Tang Dynasty, rabbit hair was the main brush, mostly from Xuanzhou. The materials are carefully selected and of high quality. They are highly valued by the government and the royal family and become the "tribute" of the emperor every year. At present, Masakura Hospital in Nara, Japan has China's Tang pencils, some with spotted bamboo tubes, some with ivory tubes, some with ivory tubes, and some with blue tubes for decoration. This shows that the pens in the Tang Dynasty are colorful and exquisite.
Because the pen tip of Tang pen is short, too rigid, less ink storage and easy to dry up, a pen with long and thin tip has been developed. The appearance of the long pen is undoubtedly a revolution for the writing brush, which has brought a new style of free and easy writing in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
The pen-making technology in Song Dynasty changed the old style before Jin Dynasty, and gradually tended to be soft, mature, vain and loose. At that time, there were many famous pen makers, including Zhuge Gao and Xuancheng, Anhui. Born in a penholder family. Su Shi, a calligrapher, once said that he didn't want to write at that time. "Only Zhuge's talent is endless, and others and literati feel like it, but it is not as good as formal writing. If you enter Du Fu's poems, it will be vulgar. " Zhuge Yuan, Zhuge Dian, Zhuge Feng, Lu Daoren of Zhangzhou, Lu Dayuan of Xin 'an and Wang Boli are all his descendants.
Lv Dayuan was born in Yizhou (now yi county, Huangshan City, Anhui Province). On the basis of inheriting the production of Xuan pen, it has developed. Song and Huang Tingjian wrote in "On Gu Bi": "Yizhou Lu Dayuan knows that he can write brush strokes, and he has written more than ten large and small strokes for the rest, all of which are satisfactory." Lu Daoren, Zhangzhou native. His pen-making skills inherited Xu Anbi's long and innovative skills and became famous for a while. Huang Tingjian's "Gu Bi Lun" says: "People in Zhangzhou Green Island can work, but they don't write for poverty." Wu Shuo, the son of Zheng Wu, a pen maker in Song Dynasty, used the family tradition to make pens, which are durable. Cheng Yi. Su Dongpo said that the pen-making of Qiantang pen-making project has the style of predecessors, making the writing light and exquisite. Waiting for him is Zi Hao's Jujube Pen. The so-called "jujube heart pen" is called because there is something in the center of the pen hair, such as the core in the jujube. Zhang Yu is famous for making lilac pens. Huang Tingjian said, "When Zhang meets a lilac pen, the twist is extremely round and the bundle is powerful." Lilac pen is a kind of writing brush in Song Dynasty. Wang Boli was born in Xin 'an (now Shexian County, Huangshan City, Anhui Province). In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xie Ze, the magistrate of Huizhou, named Wang Boli's pen, Tang paper, Li and Yangtouling's old pit inkstone as "Xin 'an Four Treasures of the Study" and listed them as court tributes.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the famous position of Xuanzhou pen was gradually replaced by Huxi pen (that is, pens made in Huzhou and Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province). This was caused by the transfer of the political, economic and cultural centers of the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty. Besides, Huzhou has long had a pen industry, especially Shanlian Town. According to legend, Sun Zhiyong, the seventh Zen master of Wang Xizhi (a famous calligrapher in the Sui Dynasty), lived in Yongxin Temple next to Meng Tian Temple in the town and often learned pen-making skills from local pen makers. Zhiyong loves calligraphy. He used his failure to have five bamboo boxes, which were buried in Xiaoyuan (now Shanlian Town Ship Wharf) and named as "the tomb of returning pens". After the death of Zen master Zhiyong, calligraphers buried him next to the tomb of Huibi. After entering the Yuan Dynasty, a group of famous pen makers appeared in Xing Wu, Zhejiang. They carved beautifully, decorated beautifully, regardless of the cost, in order to win the favor of the rulers, thus taking all the "imperial pens", resulting in the growing reputation of Hu Bi. Lake pen is made of goat hair, rabbit hair and ferret tail hair through more than 70 processes, such as soaking, pulling, mixing and blending. The brushwork is tough, round and full, neatly trimmed, and has the "four virtues" of "sharp, neat, round and healthy" pen. Their representatives are: Feng Yingke, a famous calligrapher in Huzhou in the early Yuan Dynasty. The lake pen made is called "Feng Pen", and it is also called "Three Musts" with calligraphy and Qian Shunju's flower-and-bird painting. There is a saying in Huzhou Fuzhi that Feng's pen is wonderful. Zhang Jinzhong, a painter of lake pens in Yuan Dynasty, used wool as raw material to make palace pens. In the Qing Dynasty, Ruan Kuisheng wrote in Tea Guest Talk: "Old people in Beijing are good at making pens. Use bamboo poles, save them and learn to use them. Xing Wu Zhao Ziang, Zhong Qi Wang Zhongmou and Shangdang Song Qi were all very kind to him. Fang needs it, not that he doesn't need it. When you enter the palace every month, you will be given food. " Zhou Bowen was a pen maker in Yuan Dynasty. The westerners, namely Sarah Ban, were famous for making antelope tail pens at that time. Inherited the ancient law, praised by the world. Lu Wenbao was a pen maker in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Xing Wu, Zhejiang is very famous. After his pen-making skills were passed on to his son Lu Jiweng, there was a great trend of carrying forward the past and opening up the future. In the Ming Dynasty, the calligrapher once wrote Poems of Lu Jiweng as a Gift: "Lu Wenbao, Xing Wu's pen-maker, is very unusual. It is wonderful to start naturally, so the whole world calls it a good job. " The pen made by Lu Wenbao was also presented as a royal pen.
At the same time, some pen-makers also have a great radiation, which makes lake pens widely produced in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Pen-making in Ming and Qing dynasties not only paid attention to practicality, but also paid more attention to decoration. With the development of calligraphy and painting, the production of brush as a tool has reached its peak. Exquisite and gorgeous brush pens in Ming and Qing dynasties, some of which are royal "imperial pens" and official pens. The exquisiteness of the production is manifested in the selection of the first-class nib, which is tied into various forms such as bamboo shoots, incense trays, orchids and gourds. Because of the coat color, the nib and auxiliary hair are layered in different colors or the front is light and the auxiliary hair is getting thicker, and the color change is quite beautiful. At that time, wool, purple hair (rabbit hair), wolf hair, mink hair, bristles and other different kinds of wool were used, and the brush was innovated, that is, the brushes with different properties were matched with each other to form a neutral brush, which made the pen soft, round and strong, and reached the requirements of moderate hardness, durability, easy writing, sharpness, neatness, roundness and hygiene. According to the demand of calligraphy and painting, there are also innovative pens for writing extra-large characters, such as pens, bucket pens, couplet pens, lifting pens, etc., and there are also new varieties such as long pens with more ink storage. The decoration of the pen tube has also created many exquisite crafts, from materials to decorative patterns. At that time, there were bamboo tubes (brown bamboo, spotted bamboo, torreya grandis), jade tubes (sapphire, jasper), tortoise shells, carved paint tubes, paint stripping tubes, black paint coated gold tubes, touch-up paint tubes, ivory tubes, porcelain tubes, wooden tubes (hardwood, ebony, chicken wing wood), enamel tubes and so on. Decorative themes are rich, beautifully carved and brightly colored, mainly with auspicious patterns, such as dragon playing with pearls, dragons and phoenixes, the Eight Immortals, Yunfeng, cloud bats, ancient coins, and human landscapes.
The famous calligraphers of Ming and Qing dynasties are:
Lu Jiweng, a painter in Ming Dynasty, was the son of Lu Wenbao. Shi Wenyong was a calligrapher in Ming Dynasty. Zhejiang Wuxing people. Refined penholders, mostly presented to the palace as tributes, are regarded as desk plays by dignitaries. The pen holder was often marked with "painter A Niu", and Emperor Li Hong despised his name and changed it to "Shi Wenyong". Since then, Shi Wenyong's name has gained a high reputation in the field of Hu Bi. Zhang Wengui, a calligrapher in Ming Dynasty. Hangzhou people. Good at making brush, it has the reputation of "the brush is headed by Hangzhou Zhang Wengui". Zhou Huchen, a famous calligrapher in the early Qing Dynasty, was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi.
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