there were several small waves of regression in the 18th century. In 1878, the first large Jewish farm colony appeared in Petatikva. Jews bought land from the Ottoman Empire and Arabs and settled there. With the increase of Jewish residents, the relationship between them and Arabs is becoming increasingly tense.
In p>1896, theodor herzl, a Jewish journalist from the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Central Europe, launched the Zionist Movement (also known as the "Zionist Movement"), calling on Jews all over the world to return to their homeland and restore their way of life.
On August 29th, 1897, in Basel, Switzerland, he convened the first "World Zionism Congress", which decided to establish "a home (or country) recognized by the public and guaranteed by law". "Jewish National Fund" and "Palestinian Land Development Corporation" were established to help Jews from all over the world immigrate to Palestine.
The development of Zionism in Eilat, Israel's only Red Sea tourist city
The second wave of return (194-1914) was promoted, and about 4, Jews returned to settle down.
In p>1917, when Britain occupied Palestine, Foreign Minister Belfo issued the Balfour Declaration: "His Majesty's Government is in favor of establishing a Jewish nation-state in Palestine and will do its utmost to promote its realization".
After World War I, Jews set off the third and fourth waves of return.
In p>192, the League of Nations entrusted Britain with jurisdiction over Palestine.
In p>1922, Britain divided the Trust Territory into two parts: the eastern part (now Jordan) was inhabited by Arabs and the western part was inhabited by Jews.
In a Palestinian uprising that broke out in 1929, Arabs killed 133 Jews. In 1922, the League of Nations adopted the British "Mandate" to Palestine, which stipulated the establishment of a "Jewish National House" in Palestine. Later, Jews from all over the world moved to Palestine in large numbers. Then there were several riots from 1936 to 1939.
In response, Britain issued a white paper in 1939, limiting the number of Jewish immigrants to 75, and restricting Jews from buying land. This white paper is regarded by many Jews and Zionists as a betrayal of the Jews and a violation of the Balfour Declaration. The Arabs did not stop there, and they hoped to stop Jewish immigration completely. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany and set off the fifth wave of Jewish return.
In p>194, Jews accounted for 3% of the local residents. Later, the Jewish massacre in Europe further promoted the return of Jews.
Between p>1944 and 1948, more than 2, Jews came to Palestine through various channels. After the end of World War II, there were 6, Jewish residents in Palestine.
Israel's Zionism
Netanya, an Israeli Mediterranean city
The number of Jewish immigrants has been growing steadily since the end of the 19th century. Influenced by the Jewish Holocaust in World War II, the idea of Zionism has gained more and more international support. In 1947, in view of the escalating violent conflict between Jews and Arabs and the frustration of peace efforts, the British government decided to leave the Palestinian trust territory.
The United Nations established the "Special Committee on Palestine". In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted on the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan, with 33 countries in favor (including the United States and the former Soviet Union), 13 countries against and 1 countries abstaining. It passed a resolution to divide the Palestinian region into two countries, with Jews and Arabs owning about 55% and 45% of the territory respectively, and Jerusalem being placed under the administration of the United Nations.
On November 29th, 1947, the day when the United Nations adopted the partition plan, David Ben-Gurion accepted the plan, but it was flatly rejected by the League of Arab States. The top leaders of the Arab League Committee ordered a three-day violent attack on Jewish civilians in Israel, attacking buildings, shops and residential areas, and then the underground militia forces organized by Jews fought back. These battles quickly spread to large-scale conflicts, which led to the Israeli war of independence in 1948.
On May 14th, 1948, at midnight the day before the end of British trusteeship, the State of Israel was officially declared to be established, which was Israel's National Day.
In the national election on January 25th, 1949, 85% of eligible voters voted, and then the first parliament with 12 seats met. Two people who led Israel to build a country became the leaders of the country, and David Ben-Gurion, the leader of the Jewish agency, was elected as the first prime minister. Haim Weizmann, the leader of the world Zionist organization, was elected as the first president by Parliament.
On May 11th, 1949, Israel won the seat of the United Nations and became the 59th Member State.
War of Independence in 1948
After the founding of Israel, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon declared war on Israel and started Israel's War of Independence in 1948. Syrian, Lebanese and Iraqi troops in the north were stopped near the border, while Jordanian troops from the east captured the eastern part of Jerusalem and attacked the western part of the city. However, the Jewish militia forces successfully stopped the Jordanian army, while the underground Irgun forces also stopped the Egyptian army from the south. Since June, the United Nations has declared a one-month ceasefire order, during which the Israel Defense Forces were formally established. After months of fighting, the two sides reached a ceasefire agreement in 1949 and drew a temporary boundary, which was called the "GreenLine". Israel gained an additional 23.5% jurisdiction in the west of the Jordan River, while Jordan occupied a mountainous area in southern Israel and Samaria, which was later called the West Bank. Egypt occupied a small piece of land in the coastal area, which was later called the Gaza Strip.
A large number of Arab people fled the newly established Jewish state, and the Palestinians called this exile a "catastrophe" (? ), it is estimated that there are 4, to 9, Palestinian refugees in exile, and the United Nations estimates that there are 711,. The unresolved conflict between Israel and Arab countries and the problem of Palestinian refugees have continued to this day. With the war in 1948, the Jewish population in the West Bank and Gaza began to withdraw to Israel, and a large number of Jewish refugees from Arab countries tripled the population of Israel. In the next few years, nearly 85, Sephardi Jews fled or were expelled from Arab countries, about 6, of whom moved to Israel, while others immigrated to Europe and the United States.
in the 195s and 196s
in 1954 and 1955, MosheSharett, the Israeli prime minister, attempted to bomb Egypt, and a scandal broke out, which caused Israel's political humiliation.
Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, and Britain and France were quite dissatisfied with it. After being attacked by a series of Arab underground militia forces, Israel secretly allied itself with Britain and France and declared war on Egypt. After the Suez Canal crisis, three countries were condemned by the United Nations, and Israel was forced to withdraw its troops from Sinai Peninsula.
In 1955, David Ben-Gurion became the Prime Minister of Israel again, and he remained in office until 1963. After Gurion resigned, LeviEshkol succeeded him as prime minister.
In 1961, adolf eichmann, a Nazi war criminal and one of the masterminds of the European Jewish Holocaust, was arrested by Israeli Mossad intelligence agents in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and sent back to Israel for trial. Eichmann became the only criminal in Israeli history who was sentenced to death by the court.
On the political stage, the relationship between Israel and Arab countries became tense again in May 1967.
Syria, Jordan, and Egypt revealed their intention to go to war, and Egypt expelled the UN peacekeeping force in Gaza. Egypt violated the previous treaty, blocked Israel's strategic Tiran Strait, and then deployed a large number of chariots and fighters on the Israeli border. Israel then launched a pre-emptive offensive against Egypt on June 5 on the grounds of Egypt's provocation. In this Six-Day War, Israel defeated the armies of all Arab neighbors and won a complete victory in the air force battlefield. Israel captured the whole West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights in one breath, and the Green Line demarcated in 1949 became the administrative dividing line between the domestic territory under Israel's jurisdiction and the occupied area. Later, after signing a peace agreement, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
during the war, the Israeli air force mistakenly bombed an American intelligence ship USSLiberty, killing 34 American soldiers. The investigation in the United States and Israel concluded that the accident was caused by a mistake because of the difficulty in identifying Liberty.
in p>1969, Mrs. Mayer was elected as the first female prime minister of Israel.
in the 197s,
Jerusalem and wailing wall
The period from p>1968 to 1972 was called the WarofAttrition, and many small-scale conflicts broke out frequently on the borders between Israel, Syria and Egypt. In addition, in the early 197s, the Palestinian armed forces launched an unprecedented terrorist attack on Jews in Israel and other countries. In the 1972 Summer Olympic Games, the Munich massacre broke out, and Palestinian armed militia took members of the Israeli delegation hostage, and all the hostages were killed. Israel launched a retaliatory "OperationWrathofGod", in which a group of agents of Israel's Mossad Intelligence Agency assassinated those behind the Munich massacre all over the world.
Finally, on October 6th, 1973, on the traditional Yom Kippur day, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel. Although Arab countries successfully attacked the unprepared Israeli army at the beginning of the war, Egypt and Syria were finally repelled by Israel because of its strong foreign aid and satellite technology from the United States. In the years after the war, the situation became relatively calm, and Israel and Egypt finally reached a peace agreement.
in 1974, yitzhak rabin succeeded Mrs Mayer as the fifth prime minister.
The parliamentary election in p>1977 became a major turning point in Israel's political history. Since 1948, the Labour Union (? ) by Menachem. The United Party led by Bei Jing was defeated, and this election was also called a "revolution" in Israel.
Then, in November of that year, Egyptian President Sadat made an unprecedented visit to Israel and gave a speech in the Knesset, which was the first time that Israel was recognized by Arab countries since its founding. Reserve officers of the Israeli army also formed a peace movement to support the peace talks. After Sadat's visit, the peace talks between the two countries finally signed the Camp David Peace Treaty.
In March 1979, Bei Jing and Shaddat reached an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty in Washington, D.C.. With the signing of the treaty, Israel withdrew its troops from Sinai Peninsula and evacuated the settlement area established there since 197s. Israel also agreed to give Palestine autonomy according to the Green Line drawn in 1949.
In the 198s
On June 7th, 1981, the Israeli Air Force bombed the nuclear reactor built by Iraq in Ausilla, which stopped Iraq's attempt to make nuclear weapons. This mission was also called Operation Babylon.
in 1982, Israel launched an offensive against Lebanon and was involved in the Lebanese civil war that has been going on since 1975. The reason why Israel went to war was to protect Israel's colonial areas in the north, when the colonial areas were often attacked by terrorists from Lebanon. After establishing a 4-kilometer obstacle zone, the Israel Defense Forces continued to advance and even captured the capital Beirut. The Israeli army expelled the Palestine Liberation Organization from Lebanon, forcing it to transfer its base to Tunisia. Unable to bear the pressure of the war, Prime Minister Bei Jing resigned in 1983 and was succeeded by YitzhakShamir. Israel finally withdrew most of its troops from Lebanon in 1986, and the border buffer zone was maintained until Israel unilaterally withdrew its troops in 2.
in the 198s, the right-wing government led by yitzhak shamir was replaced by the left-wing Simon Perez. Perez became prime minister in 1984, but was replaced by Chamil in 1986, and Shah Milda became an agreement of a political party alliance. The Palestinian uprising that broke out in 1987 ignited a series of riots in the occupied areas. After the riots, Chamil was re-elected as prime minister in the 1988 election.
In the Persian Gulf War in the 199s
, although Israel was not one of the anti-Iraq allies, and did not actually participate in the Iraq War in p>1994 when Arafat, Perez and Rabin won the Peace Prize
, Israel was still hit by 39 Scud missiles. The missiles did not directly kill any Israeli citizens, but some people died because of improper use of prepared gas masks. In addition, an Israeli was killed by Patriot missile fragments. During the war, Israel also provided gas masks to the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza to prevent them from being attacked by Iraqi chemical and biological weapons. Despite this, the PLO still expressed its support for Saddam Hussein's regime, and some Palestinian residents even stood on the roof cheering for the incoming Scud missiles, although in the end they still used gas masks provided by the Israelis.
In the early 199s, a large number of Jews from the former Soviet Union began to immigrate to Israel. According to Israel's Law of Reunification, these people can obtain Israeli citizenship when they arrive in Israel. About 38, people arrived in Israel in 199-1991. Although the Israeli public initially supported the reunification law, many problems caused by new immigrants were used by the Labour Party as a handle in the election campaign, criticizing the ruling United Party for failing to solve their work and housing problems. As a result, in the 1992 election, new immigrants voted for the Labour Party in large numbers, which made the left rise again. After the election, Yitzhak Rabin became prime minister. During the election, the Labour Party promised to greatly improve Israel's internal security and relations with Arab countries. By the end of 1993, the Israeli government abandoned the framework of the Madrid Agreement in 1991 and signed the OsloAccords with the PLO. In 1994, Jordan became the second Arab country after Egypt to promise peace with Israel. [4]
At first, the Israeli public widely supported the Oslo agreement, but after the signing of the agreement, Israel continued to be frequently attacked by armed groups in Hamas, and the support for the agreement began to decrease greatly. In 1995,