The old-age insurance system in China has played an important role in guaranteeing the basic livelihood of retirees, maintaining social stability and promoting economic development. Establishing and perfecting the social security system with social insurance such as pension as the main content has become an important pillar of China's market economic system, which is related to the overall situation of reform, development and stability and is the fundamental guarantee for the country's long-term stability. The party and government attach great importance to endowment insurance. During the period of 1998, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council clearly put forward the work requirements for realizing "two guarantees". However, the current old-age insurance system is facing a serious financial crisis in its operation, mainly because the income of the old-age insurance fund cannot meet the expenditure, and the deficit is increasing year by year. If this problem is not solved in time, it will endanger the operation of the old-age insurance system and shake the foundation of the social security system.
Taking Beijing as an example, the reform of Beijing's old-age insurance system and the implementation of the overall planning system began at 1986, and by 2002, the total collection amount reached 24 billion yuan, covering nearly 4 million employees and retirees. Before 1998, the fund's income and expenditure basically had a balance every year, and since 1999, there has been a deficit, and the income and expenditure situation has been unbalanced year by year. The deficit in 1999 was1400,000 yuan, and in 2000 it was 540 million yuan. In view of the grim situation faced by the fund, in 200 1 and 2002, Beijing organized large-scale institutions to expand social insurance coverage and strengthen fund collection. The municipal government and the district/county governments signed the responsibility letter of the collection index of the endowment insurance fund, which fully mobilized all forces, increased the income of the endowment insurance fund and stopped the further increase of the deficit. Even so, the deficit of Beijing's old-age insurance in 2002 was still around 400 million yuan. It is expected that in the next few years, the accumulated balance of the endowment insurance fund will be exhausted, while in the past two years, the expansion and collection work has been relatively in-depth, and the potential for fund income increase in the next step is very limited. In the future, how to raise enough funds to ensure the timely and full payment of basic pensions for retirees has become a realistic problem.
There are many reasons for the deficit of the endowment insurance fund. Mainly: First, the old-age insurance is implemented on a pay-as-you-go basis. Because the unit participated in the endowment insurance, the basic pension for retirees began to be paid by the overall fund, and the fund lacked the necessary accumulation process. At the same time, the state's investment in the endowment insurance fund was obviously insufficient. Second, with the acceleration of population aging, the number of retirees has increased rapidly and the total number has been increasing, while the number of contributors has increased relatively slowly, and the population burden coefficient has increased year by year. According to the fifth national census data released by the National Bureau of Statistics with the standard time of 20001October 1 1, the proportion of the population aged 65 and over in China is 6.96% (according to international standards, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over is more than 10% or the proportion of the population aged 65 and over is more than 7. The population aged 65 and over in Beijing has accounted for more than 8% of the total population, and the aging is more prominent. The burden coefficient of old-age insurance is close to 0.5, that is, almost every two employees have to pay to support 1 retiree, which is a heavy burden. At the same time, the basic pension level has been greatly improved in recent years, and the payment pressure has increased year by year. Third, the old-age insurance bears too much cost of system reform. In recent years, state-owned enterprises have implemented the reform of reducing staff and increasing efficiency and shareholding system, a large number of employees are unemployed or hidden unemployed, a large number of surplus personnel have gone through early retirement procedures, the number of payers has decreased, and the number of retirees has increased dramatically. In fact, the burden of enterprises has been transformed into the burden of social insurance. In 2000 and 20001year, some central survey, research and design units and some municipal scientific research institutes were transformed into enterprises to participate in the overall planning of endowment insurance, and began to pay fees from the month of transformation. If it is not paid back in previous years, it will be regarded as payment. The basic pension for retirees is included in the overall fund, and part of the expenses originally borne by the finance are transferred to the overall pension insurance, which increases the pressure on the fund. Fourth, the coverage of social insurance is not wide enough, and the participation rate of individual and private enterprises is not high. Those who have participated in the overall planning of endowment insurance have a weak sense of paying fees according to law. In order to pay less social insurance premiums, they concealed or omitted the payment base and defaulted on the old-age insurance premiums, resulting in the old-age insurance premiums not being fully receivable.
Beijing's economy is relatively developed, and the endowment insurance fund is over 95% every year. This is the case with the fund's income and expenditure, and the situation in the whole country is even more pessimistic. In the past two years, the state has invested tens of billions of yuan in social security, but it has not fundamentally solved the problem. We should take measures to solve the problem of insufficient pension fund from now on. In view of the fact that the contradiction between income and expenditure of the endowment insurance fund is caused by many factors, the corresponding solutions should also be systematically considered from many aspects. For example, determine and maintain a reasonable basic pension level; Strictly control the growth of retirees, with the focus on early retirement; Improve the capitalization management and operation ability of the endowment insurance fund, and realize the preservation and appreciation; Consider appropriately delaying the retirement age; Expand the coverage of endowment insurance, strengthen the audit of payment base, and strive for all accounts receivable.
Even if the above methods and measures are adopted, it is still difficult to completely solve the problem of insufficient existing endowment insurance funds. Therefore, it is suggested to establish a financial reserve system of endowment insurance to make up for the deficiency of current pension funds and make necessary accumulation for the future. The main sources of reserves are: first, to set aside funds from fiscal revenue (including central and local finances) every year to make up for the deficiency of the current endowment insurance fund, and then to set aside a certain proportion of funds from the increased fiscal revenue as the endowment insurance financial reserve, which is specially used for the accumulation of endowment insurance funds; The second is to establish a paid use mechanism of state-owned assets, and inject the realized funds and state-owned land occupation tax obtained from the sale of small enterprises or the reduction of state-owned shares into the reserve fund; The third is to issue social insurance lottery tickets to raise some funds from the society. At the same time, the reserves raised through these channels will be capitalized and managed to maintain and increase the value of the reserves.
The old-age insurance system is related to the national economy and people's livelihood. This is not only the need to adjust the financial expenditure structure under the market economy system, but also the urgent requirement to ensure the normal operation of the old-age insurance system. It is suggested that the finance and other relevant departments pay close attention to the study and solution. If we don't take measures to establish reserves and accumulate endowment insurance funds from now on, it will be difficult to cope with the payment pressure of endowment insurance funds in the future, and the finance will be unbearable at that time.
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