The social security system raises funds through collective insurance, individual insurance, state subsidies and compulsory savings. The state provides assistance to those whose living standards do not meet the minimum standards, provides basic living security to those who temporarily or permanently lose their ability to work, gradually improves the material and cultural welfare of all social members, maintains social stability, and promotes economic growth and social progress.
Social security system is the general name of a series of systems such as social insurance, assistance and subsidies formulated by the state through legislation. One of the most important social and economic systems in modern countries. Its function is to protect the basic needs of the whole society, especially the special needs of citizens in old age, illness, disability, unemployment, childbirth, death, disaster and life difficulties. It is achieved by the state through the distribution and redistribution of national income. The whole social security system consists of social welfare, social insurance, social assistance, social special care and resettlement and other social security systems with different properties, functions and forms. Modern countries must formulate social security laws and regulations to ensure that the social security system is truly implemented.
China's Social Security System
China's social security system includes social insurance, social welfare, special care and placement, social assistance and housing security. The basic characteristics of social security system are fairness, universality, legitimacy and mutual assistance. In China, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly regards "establishing a relatively sound social security system" as one of the goals of building a well-off society in an all-round way. With the in-depth development of socialist market economy and profound changes in social structure, different regions and departments, different groups and individuals enjoy different achievements in economic and social development, and the improvement of material and cultural life is also different. Social security has increasingly become a hot issue of concern to the broad masses of the people. Whether the social security problem can be effectively solved has become a key issue affecting the overall situation of economic and social development and stability and unity. Starting from the people's most concerned, direct and realistic interests, it is the essential requirement and important content to implement Scientific Outlook on Development to do a good job in social security, speed up the improvement of the social security system suited to the level of economic development, and continuously expand the coverage.
main content
Social security system is the general name of a series of systems such as social insurance, assistance and subsidies formulated by the state through legislation, and it is one of the most important social and economic systems in modern countries. Its function is to protect the basic needs of the whole society, especially the special needs of citizens in old age, illness, disability, unemployment, childbirth, death, disaster and life difficulties.
It is achieved by the state through the distribution and redistribution of national income. The whole social security system consists of social welfare, social insurance, social assistance, social special care and resettlement and other social security systems with different properties, functions and forms. Modern countries must formulate social security laws and regulations to ensure that the social security system is truly implemented. Includes the following aspects:
social security
Social insurance refers to the system enforced by the state in accordance with the law to provide necessary material assistance to the working class in the case of old age, illness, maternity, unemployment and occupational injury. It is the core content of social security system. Judging from the content of social insurance, it is based on economic security. The social insurance system in various countries, whether perfect or not, has the characteristics of compulsion, sociality and welfare. According to the provisions of China's labor law, social insurance projects are divided into endowment insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance. The object of social insurance is all workers, and the source of funds is mainly the contributions of employers and individual workers, and the government gives subsidies. It is the basic right of workers to enjoy social insurance according to law.
Since the reform and opening up, the social insurance system in China has been gradually improved. In February 2005, the State Council promulgated the Decision on Perfecting the Basic Old-age Insurance System for Enterprise Employees, and in September 2009, the State Council issued the Guiding Opinions on Launching the Pilot Project of New Rural Social Old-age Insurance. The State Council promulgated the Decision on Establishing the Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Employees, 199 1, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Unemployment Insurance, and in August 1996, the Ministry of Labor issued the Trial Measures for Industrial Injury Insurance for Enterprise Employees. 199465438+February, the Ministry of Labor issued the Trial Measures for Maternity Insurance for Enterprise Employees. The promulgation of these administrative regulations and rules has promoted the establishment and perfection of China's social insurance system.
social relief
Social assistance, also known as social assistance, is the basic living guarantee given by the government to poor areas or poor residents living below the basic living standard of society. Social relief is the basic and lowest level of social security, and its purpose is to ensure citizens enjoy the minimum living standard, and the payment standard is lower than social insurance. Social relief mainly includes natural disaster relief, unemployment relief, widowed and disabled relief and urban and rural poor households relief.
The state and society provide assistance in various forms to the victims and the poor who are unable to maintain their basic livelihood due to natural disasters, accidents and disabilities. Including providing necessary living allowances, welfare facilities, urgently needed means of production, labor services, technology and information services. Maintaining the lowest level of basic living is the basic feature of the social relief system. The main sources of social assistance funds are government financial expenditure and social donations. 1In September, 1999, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Minimum Living Security for Urban Residents, and in July, 2007, the State Council issued the Notice on Establishing the Rural Minimum Living Security System in China. The establishment of the minimum living security system for urban residents and the minimum living security system for rural areas has provided basic living security for the needy people in urban and rural areas.
social welfare
Social welfare is a variety of public welfare undertakings organized by the government for members of society, and it is a cause to provide life security for all kinds of disabled people and those without life security. Social welfare contains a wide range of contents, including not only welfare benefits in life, education and medical care, but also welfare benefits in transportation, entertainment and sports. Social welfare is a kind of service policy and service measure, which aims to improve the material and spiritual living standards of the majority of social members and make them enjoy more. At the same time, social welfare is also an obligation.
China has promulgated the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, the Law on the Protection of the Disabled, and the Regulations on Rural Five Guarantees, which have guaranteed and promoted the development of social welfare undertakings. At present, there are welfare institutions such as social welfare homes, nursing homes, sanatoriums and children's welfare homes in China. Our government encourages and supports the society to set up various forms of welfare enterprises to help disabled people who are suitable for work get employment opportunities. In addition, our government also supports social welfare undertakings by issuing social welfare lottery tickets to raise funds.
Special care and placement
Special care and resettlement refers to the system that the government gives preferential treatment and pensions to the families of soldiers, martyrs, demobilized soldiers and disabled soldiers. In China, the objects of special care and resettlement are mainly the families of martyrs, demobilized veterans, disabled soldiers and their families; The contents of special care and resettlement mainly include the payment of pensions, preferential payments and subsidies, the establishment of military sanatoriums and glorious homes, and the resettlement of demobilized soldiers. 65438-0988 the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Pension and Preferential Treatment for Soldiers. In August 2004, Premier Wen Jiabao of the State Council and Chairman Jiang Zemin of the Central Military Commission signed an order approving the promulgation of the newly revised Regulations on Pension and Preferential Treatment for Soldiers.
Social mutual assistance
Social mutual assistance refers to activities organized and participated by social groups and members voluntarily to help the weak and the poor with the encouragement and support of the government. Social mutual assistance has the characteristics of voluntariness and non-profit. The main forms are: mass mutual assistance organized by trade unions, women's federations and other groups; Charity assistance organized by non-governmental public welfare organizations; Various forms of mutual aid organizations spontaneously formed by urban and rural residents. The sources of funds for social mutual assistance are mainly social donations, voluntary contributions from members and government tax support. On June 28th, 1999, the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth NPC passed the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Donation for Public Welfare, which legislatively standardized and encouraged the regularization and institutionalization of social donation activities. [2]
major function
Make up for the deficiency of market economy
The social security system can provide a good social environment and guarantee conditions for the normal operation of the market economy. This is because the market economy follows the requirements of the law of value. Due to the law of value and the role of market mechanism, on the one hand, it promotes the improvement of economic benefits and the development of production, on the other hand, it will lead to a big gap in income distribution. Some people have a high income and a rich life, while others have a low income and fall into poverty. At the same time, due to the competition law of survival of the fittest, some enterprises went bankrupt, workers lost their jobs, and some people fell into the predicament of no life. It can be seen that the market economy is inclined to efficiency spontaneously, and it is impossible to realize social fair distribution spontaneously. Unfair income distribution is a hidden danger of social instability.
Establishing and perfecting the social security system under the condition of market economy and giving consideration to social equity through income redistribution can play a role in maintaining social stability and security and provide guarantee for reform and development. At the same time, the social security system can disperse all kinds of risks that workers may encounter and make up for the defects of the market economy. In addition, under the condition of market economy, labor force, as the main factor of production, needs to flow reasonably among enterprises with different ownership in different regions. If there is no socialized social security system to provide workers with pension, medical care and unemployment protection, the labor force will not be able to flow and the rational allocation of labor resources will be difficult to achieve. Establishing and perfecting the social security system is conducive to ensuring that the labor force enters the market on an equal footing and participates in competition, so that the labor resources can be fully developed and rationally utilized, thus maintaining faster and better economic development.
Create equal competition conditions for enterprises
China's original security system is the enterprise security system. Under this system, all safety expenses are raised and borne by enterprises themselves. The number of people who take risks in each enterprise is more or less, the ratio of retirees to employees is higher or lower, and the degree of risk is greater or smaller, so the burden of safety expenses is extremely light and heavy. In this case, enterprises cannot compete on an equal footing. Establishing and perfecting the social security system can help enterprises to unload their burdens and go into battle lightly, and create conditions for equal competition for enterprises. At the same time, the social security system is implemented to unify the social security premium rates paid by enterprises for employees, which balances the social security premium burden of various enterprises and provides conditions for enterprises to compete on an equal footing. In addition, competition will inevitably lead to the survival of the fittest, and the basic livelihood of the unemployed can be guaranteed through social security, thus providing a good external environment for enterprise competition and optimal allocation of resources and promoting economic development.
Relieve the worries of workers.
Workers may be at risk of work-related injuries, diseases and unemployment, and female employees may have children. This will make some employees lose their working ability and jobs, and lose and reduce the source of income for a living. In addition, workers will inevitably move from youth to maturity and eventually lose their ability to work in old age. If these people's basic life is not guaranteed, they will be difficult to survive, which will definitely affect the stability and development of society. Establish and improve the social security system, so that workers can get material help and protection from society and continue to live normally when they temporarily or permanently lose their ability to work. This relieves the worries of workers, is conducive to mobilizing the enthusiasm of workers and is conducive to social stability. It can be seen that the social security system is the "stabilizer" of social and economic development.
Promote social harmony
It is the common aspiration of the people of all ethnic groups in China to build a socialist harmonious society characterized by democracy and the rule of law, fairness and justice, honesty and friendship, vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature. To build a harmonious socialist society objectively requires us to pay more attention to solving the social security problems of the needy and let the broad masses share the fruits of economic growth, social progress and reform and opening up. The social security system plays an irreplaceable role in regulating income distribution, maintaining social equity, safeguarding the basic human rights and social rights of social members, and promoting social harmony. Especially in the period of economic transformation, there are still many contradictions and problems that affect social harmony in China. Difficulties in employment, medical treatment, schooling and poverty are all factors of social disharmony. Establishing and perfecting the social security system is conducive to resolving social contradictions, eliminating social disharmony factors and promoting social harmony.
Strategic significance
Modern social security system can promote the effective allocation of resources in a more macro sense. There are five strategies:
Modern market economy emphasizes not only the principle of competition, but also the guarantee mechanism. China's reform in the past 30 years has promoted the rapid development of the national economy, and at the same time, a vulnerable class has emerged in the society, whose number is estimated to reach 654.38+400 million-654.38+800 million, accounting for about 1 1%- 14% of the total population in China. This requires paying more attention to fairness on the balance of efficiency and fairness, and giving certain protection to vulnerable groups. Solve it well and the society develops harmoniously; If it is not solved well, it may cause social unrest.
social security
Modern market economy not only emphasizes the dynamic mechanism, but also emphasizes the balance mechanism. It should be said that after 30 years of reform, the dynamic mechanism has played a role, but the balanced mechanism coordinated with it has not been established in time. Performance in: urban-rural gap, regional gap, industry gap; The employment pressure is getting bigger and bigger, and the administrative monopoly group can't restrain it; The wealth of the country has increased, but the people are not happy; The unfairness of education has intensified; The contradiction between economic development and ecological environment is prominent, and so on.
Modern market economy needs not only capital promotion, but also warm government. We know that capital is an effective allocation of resources, but capital itself is impersonal. So, how to make the socialist market economy both efficient and humanized? This requires a warm government, while stabilizing the macro-economy, maintaining the basic living security and medical needs of the vulnerable groups, and investing a lot of money in public utilities to make all citizens feel safe. In this way, the public will have no worries and work together to achieve the lofty goal of a harmonious society.
Modern market economy needs not only economic efficiency, but also social equity. Economics tells us that the market follows the currency votes, and the milk drunk by the pets of the rich is a necessity for the poor children to keep healthy. Some people think that this situation is the result of market inefficiency. Actually, not at all. Because the market mechanism is doing what it should do, that is, distributing goods to people with currency tickets. What can we do? Only through fair redistribution can we solve the defect of income. Solution: On the one hand, the government subsidizes low-income people through transfer payment; On the other hand, a "safety net" should be established to protect the unfortunate people from suffering.
Modern market economy needs not only single development, but also coordinated development. There are six main points in coordinated development: to improve social security as the core, to promote social equity, and to coordinate economic efficiency with social equity; Focusing on solving the "three rural issues", promoting rural economic development and coordinating urban and rural areas; Focusing on the development of the western region and revitalizing the rise of the northeast and central regions, promoting the coordinated development of relatively backward regions and developed regions; Focusing on solving environmental problems and strengthening corporate social responsibility, promoting the development of circular economy and making people and the environment develop harmoniously; Focusing on relaxing restrictions and paying attention to fair competition, promoting the coordinated development of domestic opening up and opening up; Taking political system reform as the core, we will promote the coordinated development of economic system, social security, political system and cultural system. These six coordinated development, the first is to improve social security. We can't ignore the disadvantaged groups because of the obstacles of vested interests, and we can't just pay attention to short-term economic efficiency and ignore social equity. Social security should be our top priority at present.
In China, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly regards "establishing a relatively sound social security system" as one of the goals of building a well-off society in an all-round way. With the in-depth development of socialist market economy and profound changes in social structure, different regions and departments, different groups and individuals enjoy different achievements in economic and social development, and the improvement of material and cultural life is also different. Social security has increasingly become a hot issue of concern to the broad masses of the people. Whether the social security problem can be effectively solved has become a key issue affecting the overall situation of economic and social development and stability and unity. Starting from the people's most concerned, direct and realistic interests, it is the essential requirement and important content to implement Scientific Outlook on Development to do a good job in social security, speed up the improvement of the social security system suited to the level of economic development, and continuously expand the coverage.
Four functions
The fundamental principle of social security is social equity, and social security is the maximization of the utility of all social members. Professor A.C. Pigou, a famous economist, pointed out in his book Welfare Economics: "Social security policy can expand a country's economic welfare, because the utility of the poor is greater than the utility loss of the rich, which increases the total utility of society." By designing the system, people will not be hurt by lack of privilege and will not become humble because of the social status formed by division of labor. It has four functions:
Guarantee the fairness of rights. Citizens' rights to education, health and minimum living security are collectively referred to as "welfare rights" or "social rights" in the west, and are regarded as an extension of basic civil rights or a part of social civil rights. The welfare clauses in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights clearly stipulate this right, such as Article 22-"Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to enjoy social security and various economic, social and cultural rights necessary for the free development of his personal dignity and personality". Social security puts the protection of everyone's right to subsistence and development in the first place. Enjoy universal social security, that is, basic life is guaranteed, so as to participate in social competition at a fair starting point.
Ensure fair opportunities. Equality of opportunity means that any member of society should be covered by social security and get equal social security opportunities as long as he meets the conditions stipulated by law. In China, some rich people regard the poor as retarded, irresponsible and even lazy. This is not true. The vast majority of the poor in China are hardworking, conscientious and responsible. To a great extent, they suffer from poverty because they are hindered by vested interests and lack of opportunities. The social security system can make the pessimists among them move forward, and the powerless among them are strong, enhancing their opportunities, thus creating a starting point for them to compete as fairly as possible.
Maintain the fairness of the rules. Rule fairness refers to equal treatment, which can neither discriminate against the disadvantaged groups nor tilt towards the privileged class. Through the social security mechanism, we will focus on protecting the poor people in society (that is, the groups below the absolute survival demand line). Because compared with high-income groups, low-income groups and vulnerable groups have the most imperfect protection from risk management. This means that without social security, they may fall into the so-called "poverty trap" and form a vicious circle.
Adjust the fairness of distribution. We say that fair distribution improves efficiency, while unfair distribution damages efficiency. At present, the inefficiency of some state-owned units is largely related to unfair distribution. Then, social security can be adjusted through the function of income redistribution, which can reduce differences, alleviate social contradictions and help social stability to a certain extent.
Four kinds of guarantees
Eliminating poverty is both a personal matter and the responsibility of the government. At present, there are four categories of people who need protection.
The first group: landless peasants. With the acceleration of urbanization, the number of landless farmers is increasing. Relevant research shows that according to the current land acquisition system and urbanization speed, there will be more than 78 million landless farmers in China by 2030. It stands to reason that farmers should get reasonable compensation after losing their land, but the reality is not optimistic. Most landless peasants have unreasonable economic compensation, declining living standards, employment difficulties and lack of social security, and have fallen into the predicament of "farming without land, working without jobs and social security" and become the most difficult group in the city. According to the data provided by the Ministry of Land and Resources, at present, land acquisition disputes and illegal land occupation account for 73% of the total number of letters and visits accepted.
The second group: laid-off workers in cities. At present, 30 million employees of state-owned enterprises have been laid off. The life of these groups is full of hardships, and most of them are middle-aged. Employers generally have serious age discrimination, leaving them nowhere to find employment. In MBO, some state-owned enterprises implement the buyout system of employees' seniority, pay tens of thousands of dollars to send employees away and push them to the market mercilessly, so laid-off workers can only trudge in poverty.
The third category: floating population from other places. Before they move out, these people may enjoy corresponding social security in the city where they live. However, the current social security system in China is not perfect. Once they move out, their original social security may be terminated, which is not enough to solve the concerns of the floating population.
The fourth group: college students who are studying and unemployed. College students who are studying are not covered by social security, and they are forgotten by social security during their three or four years of study. At present, the medical security system of state-owned universities adopts the standard of 1998, ranging from 40-60 yuan per person, which is a drop in the bucket for serious illness expenditure! Many college students can't find a job after graduation, and their registered permanent residence is placed in the employment guidance center, which belongs to the "marginal people" who have neither a work unit nor a city to live in, and have no social security.
Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.
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