1. Why is money the product of internal contradictions in commodity economy?
1) contradiction between private labor and social labor: the private nature of labor determines that products are privately owned, but products are not or mainly consumed by producers themselves, but by other members of society. Therefore, private products must be included in the total social products for distribution.
2) The smooth transformation from private labor to social labor can only be achieved through commodity exchange.
3) Value cannot express itself, but can only be expressed through another commodity in the exchange of two commodities. In this way, the value in commodity exchange inevitably requires the expression of value, and there must be the expression of commodity value, which is the form of value.
3. What are the characteristics of the typical gold standard? What role did it play in the development of capitalism in history?
1, which can be freely melted and cast to keep the circulation stable;
2. Secondary coins and bank notes can be exchanged with gold coins themselves and circulated at par value;
Gold coins can be imported and exported freely.
Function: The gold standard is a relatively stable monetary system, which makes the domestic value of the currency consistent with the international value, and the foreign exchange market is relatively stable, which will not cause currency depreciation, and has greatly promoted the development of capitalist economy and the expansion of international trade.
4. The characteristics of the paper money standard system:
1. Paper money issued by the government or the central bank is the standard currency.
2. National laws are forced to circulate and have unlimited legal compensation capacity.
3. The connection with gold gradually weakened and was finally cancelled.
4. Money is injected into circulation through banks.
5. Non-cash circulation constitutes the main part of currency circulation.
5. Why is the essence of money universally equivalent?
First of all, it is a commodity, which has the characteristics of commodity, that is, it has two attributes of commodity-value and use value.
Secondly, money is not an ordinary commodity, but a special commodity.
Finally, in the process of acting as a universal equivalent, money embodies certain social relations of production.
6. What is the function of money?
(1) numerical range. (2) means of circulation. (3) storage means. (4) payment method. (5) World currency.
7. What are the characteristics of the typical gold standard? What role did it play in the development of capitalism in history?
1, which can be freely melted and cast to keep the circulation stable;
2. Secondary coins and bank notes can be exchanged with gold coins themselves and circulated at par value;
Gold coins can be imported and exported freely.
Function: The gold standard is a relatively stable monetary system, which makes the domestic value of the currency consistent with the international value, and the foreign exchange market is relatively stable, which will not cause currency depreciation, and has greatly promoted the development of capitalist economy and the expansion of international trade.
8. What is the standard of paper money? What are the characteristics? How to understand the current "one country, four currencies" system in China?
Paper money standard system: definition: paper money is a currency symbol that cannot be exchanged for gold and silver and is issued and circulated by the state. Paper money is valuable because of its circulation. You can't withdraw from circulation, you can't cash it, and generally you can't circulate beyond national borders. The paper money standard system is a monetary system with paper money as the standard currency.
Features: 1) Paper money issued by the government or the central bank is the standard currency.
2) National laws are forced to circulate and have unlimited legal compensation capacity.
3) The connection with gold gradually weakened and was finally cancelled.
4) Money is injected into circulation through banks.
5) Non-cash circulation constitutes the main part of currency circulation.
One country, four currencies 1) The regional monetary system under one country, two systems.
1997 and 1999, after Hong Kong and Macao returned to People's Republic of China (PRC) one after another, they continued to maintain their original monetary and financial systems, while Taiwan Province Province used Taiwan dollars, forming a unique historical phenomenon of "one country, four currencies" for RMB, Hong Kong dollars, Australian dollars and Taiwan dollars.
2) RMB was issued by the People's Bank of China on 1948 12 1, which marked the beginning of the monetary system in People's Republic of China (PRC). There are two forms of RMB: cash and deposit currency. It has never stipulated the gold content, has no formal connection with any foreign currency and does not follow any foreign currency system. Except RMB, any foreign currency, gold and silver are prohibited from circulating in Chinese mainland. The main currency of RMB is yuan, which is the legal currency unit for pricing and settlement in China's economic life and has unlimited legal compensation capacity. There are two monetary units, namely "jiao" and "fen", both of which are in decimal system of 10, and they are managed by the People's Bank of China authorized by the state.
chapter two
1. What is credit? The development of credit has gone through several stages.
Credit is the product of the development of commodity monetary economy to a certain stage.
Five, usury
V. Capitalist credit
V. Socialist credit
2. The characteristics of loan capital
First, loan capital is the capital as a commodity.
Second, loan capital is ownership capital.
Third, loan capital has a special form of movement.
Fourth, borrowing capital is the most fetishistic.
3. The difference between commercial promissory notes and commercial bills
A bill of exchange is an order to pay, while a promissory note is a promise to pay.
A bill of exchange involves three parties, namely the drawer, the payee and the drawee. The drawer is not responsible for payment, while the promissory note has only the drawer and the payee, and the drawer is mainly responsible for payment.
Five, the bill of exchange has an acceptance system, and the holder shall accept it to the drawee according to the acceptance period of the bill. This ticket inspection system.
4. What is a credit instrument? What are the characteristics?
Credit instruments, also known as financial instruments, are documents issued and circulated in written form to guarantee the rights of creditors or investors. It is the carrier of funds or capital. With this tool, funds or capital can be transferred from suppliers to demanders. Credit instruments are important financial assets and important trading objects in the financial market.
Credit instruments have the following characteristics:
First, returnability. That is, creditors or investors can recover the amount of creditor's rights according to the time when the debt recorded on the creditor's rights certificate should be repaid.
Second, liquidity. Liquidity refers to the ability of credit instruments to be quickly converted into money without suffering losses.
Third, profitability. That is, credit instruments can bring benefits to holders regularly or irregularly.
Fourth, risk. Risk refers to the possibility of losing the value of financial assets due to some uncertain factors.
5. The meaning and characteristics of preferred stock and common stock
Preferred stock is a kind of stock in which shareholders have priority over common stock dividends and creditor's rights over common stock assets. The dividend income of such stocks is generally determined in advance. Generally speaking, however, preferred shareholders can't participate in the operation and management of the company, and they don't have stock options like ordinary shareholders, especially they can't share the high profits obtained by the company. At the same time, due to the fixed dividend, under the condition of inflation, it is very unfavorable to preferred stock holders.
Common stock is the most common and main stock form. Dividends received by common shareholders change with the profits of joint-stock companies.
6. Why is the interest rate of usury credit particularly high?
There are two reasons for the high interest rate of usury: first, most of the borrowers' loans are not used to increase capital and gain profits, but to obtain general and necessary means of purchase and payment. If it is used for additional capital, the borrower is unwilling to borrow it considering that high interest rate will make him unprofitable. Second, under the situation that the natural economy is dominant and the commodity currency economy is underdeveloped, people are not easy to get money, and people have a great demand for money, which creates conditions for the formation of usury.
7. Why did bank credit replace commercial credit and become the main form of modern credit?
1. The subject of bank credit is different from commercial credit. The debtors of bank credit are manufacturers, governments, families and other institutions, and the creditors are banks and various financial institutions. This overcomes the limitations of the direction of commercial credit.
2. The object of bank credit is a single form of monetary capital. This feature enables bank credit to overcome the limitations of commercial credit. On the one hand, bank credit can effectively gather all kinds of hot money in society, and it can gather temporarily idle monetary capital released from the process of enterprise reproduction. On the other hand, bank credit is provided in the form of a single monetary capital, which can be provided to any enterprise, any institution or individual, and is not limited by the direction of commodity circulation, thus overcoming the limitations of commercial credit in the direction of provision.
3. The dynamics of bank credit and industrial capital are not completely consistent. Bank credit is an independent movement of borrowing capital, which may be inconsistent with the dynamics of industrial capital.
8. Briefly describe the role of credit in the national economy.
1) Credit and production ① Credit promotes profit equalization.
The existence of credit can save the circulation cost.
(3) Credit has promoted the rapid development of the shareholding system and expanded the scale of production.
2) Credit and consumption ① Regulate consumption ② Delay consumption ③ Stimulate consumption
3) Credit and economic adjustment: On the one hand, due to the development of credit, various banks and credit institutions have emerged. On the other hand, due to the development of credit, various credit tools have appeared.
Using credit to regulate the economy, all countries focus on total supply and total demand. Mainly by tightening credit or loosening monetary policy, we can control the scale of production, the total product volume and structure, and adjust the supply of goods and services in the market.
4) Credit and crisis
chapter three
1. Lendable fund theory
Loanable funds's interest rate theory holds that the interest rate is not simply determined by investment and savings or money supply and demand, but by the supply of loanable funds and the demand of loanable funds. Loanable funds's supply comes not only from the central bank, but also from people's savings, people's anti-hoarding of money and credit creation of commercial banks. Loanable funds's demand comes from investment and people's money hoarding. If we think that investment and hoarding are decreasing functions of interest rates, then savings, credit creation of commercial banks and people's anti-hoarding are increasing functions of interest rates.
2. The regulating effect of interest rate on economic activities
(A) the impact of interest rate changes on the supply and demand of funds
(B) the impact of interest rate changes on the scale and structure of credit
(C) the role of interest rate changes in price stability
(D) changes in interest rates have an important impact on the balance of payments
3. How to understand China's current interest rate marketization reform?
A country's interest rate system is the sum of a country's interest rate management system, including interest rate policy, interest rate determination mechanism and relevant provisions of interest rate fluctuation range.
Judging from the process of interest rate marketization, it can be divided into three stages: the goal of the first stage is to raise interest rates to a level close to market equilibrium and maintain stable economic and financial operation; The goal of the second stage is to improve the interest rate floating mechanism by expanding the interest rate floating range, delegating the interest rate floating right; The goal of the third stage is to diversify financial assets by increasing the variety of financial transactions, expanding the scale of transactions, first realizing the marketization of interest rates in non-deposit and loan financial transactions, and then through the competition between these financial transactions and bank deposit and loan business, prompting banks to liberalize loan interest rates first, then deposit interest rates, and finally realize the marketization of interest rates.
chapter four
1. The composition of the financial system
V. Financial system
V. Financial institutions
V. Financial markets
V. Financial instruments
V. Financial supervision mechanism
2. Functions of the financial system
1, the function of transferring resources in time and space
2. Clearing and payment settlement functions
3. The function of gathering and allocating resources
4. Functions of dispersing, transferring and managing risks
5, the function of providing information
6, the function of solving the incentive problem
3. What are the causes and development trends of contemporary financial system reform?
Reason:
1, the trend of international financial integration with world economic integration.
2. The economy and finance of developing countries are open to adapt to the development of the world economy.
Trend:
(A) the market-oriented financial system
(2) Internationalization and collectivization of financial institutions
(3) Innovative financial instruments and diversified financial services.
(d) Modernization and informatization of financial services
Financial market integration
(vi) Internationalization of financial supervision
chapter five
1. Functions of commercial banks
1. Credit intermediary
2. Payment intermediary
3. Credit generation
4. Financial services
5. Adjust the economy
2. Advantages and disadvantages of single bank system and general branch system.
Single banking system: refers to a system in which the banking business is completely operated by one banking institution (head office) without setting up any branches.
Advantages: (1) Restrict bank merger and monopoly to some extent.
(2) the organization is streamlined, the management is less, the flexibility is great, and the control and intention transmission of the central bank are fast and fast.
Disadvantages: it limits the competitiveness of big banks, artificially forms circuitous movement of funds, reduces efficiency, and further limits its own business innovation and scale expansion.
Branch system: refers to an organizational form of setting up a head office in a central city and branches at home and abroad. At present, most countries in the world adopt this form.
Advantages: (1) Large scale of operation and strong ability to resist risks.
(2) Being able to provide customers with all-round financial services.
(3) Save cash reserves and improve the income level.
Disadvantages: (1) is easy to cause monopoly.
(2) Too many institutions, inconvenient management and control, and easy to fail.
3. What is the most basic business of a commercial bank? What parts does it consist of?
The basic business of commercial banks is debt business.
Composition: 1) Self-owned capital
2) deposit business: demand deposit; Time deposit; savings deposit
3) Other liabilities: borrowing from the central bank (rediscounting and refinancing); Inter-bank lending (inter-bank lending, mortgage loans, refinancing loans, repurchase agreements); Issuing capital bonds; Borrowing in international financial markets.
4. What is the intermediary business of a commercial bank? What exactly are there?
Intermediary business refers to the business in which banks do not use or rarely use Baiji's assets, handle entrusted matters such as payment instead of customers as intermediaries, provide various financial services and collect handling fees.
Traditional intermediary business includes settlement of foreign exchange, bill acceptance, agency payment, financial management on behalf of customers, trust leasing, letters of credit in international business, buying and selling foreign exchange on behalf of customers, etc.
Main business: settlement business; Principal-agent business; Bank card business (credit card, check card, charge card, smart card); Letter of credit business; Trust business; Leasing business; Other new intermediary business (consulting information service, agency financing, fund custody, off-balance sheet business)
5. On the deposit creation principle of commercial banks. How to correct the derivative coefficient of deposits?
Principle of deposit creation: the original deposit is lent out after deducting the statutory reserve to form a loan, and the remaining part of the loan is formed into a new deposit after withdrawing some cash, and then this part of the new deposit is lent out after deducting the statutory reserve to form a new loan. This part of the new loan is not immediately or partially withdrawn as a new deposit, and then the legal reserve is deducted from this part of the new deposit to form a new loan, and so on, thus creating deposits.
Modified derivative multiple: 1, cash leakage
2. Overpreparation
3. Convert demand deposits into time deposits.