1. What are the financing channels for SMEs

1. Bank loan financing channels Bank loan is the most formal financing method. Because the market elimination rate of small and medium-sized enterprises is much higher than that of large and medium-sized enterprises, bank loans to small and medium-sized enterprises have to bear greater risks. Therefore, it is not very feasible to choose this way to borrow money. At this time, a good relationship between banks and enterprises may provide some convenience. Secondly, due to the complicated bank loan procedures and long approval time, many small and medium-sized enterprises have to settle for second best and seek private financing for their development. 2. Financial leasing channel Financial leasing has special advantages in solving problems that other small and medium-sized enterprises do not have, and it is a feasible choice to solve the financing difficulties of Chinese enterprises at present. Financial leasing is a new financing channel for small and medium-sized enterprises, which integrates credit, trade and leasing, and is characterized by the separation of ownership and use right of leased objects. The lessor purchases the equipment according to the leased equipment and suppliers selected by the lessee for the purpose of providing financial financing to the lessee, and the lessee obtains the long-term use right of the equipment at the expense of paying the rent by signing a financial lease contract with the lessor. For the lessee, financial leasing is adopted to realize the financing purpose of small and medium-sized enterprises through financial means, thus alleviating the financial pressure of fixed investment. In addition, the flow problem can also be solved by the way of sale and leaseback. The so-called leaseback means that the enterprise sells the existing fixed assets to the leasing company, and the leasing company continues to hand over the assets to the enterprise for use in the form of leaseback, so that the enterprise not only obtains funds, but also does not affect the normal production and operation. The research shows that it is easier to succeed in equipment leasing business for private small and medium-sized enterprises. First, the market research and demonstration of private small and medium-sized enterprises before the introduction of equipment will generally be done more fully, and the payment of rent will be guaranteed; Secondly, the disposal of non-payment of lease fees by private small and medium-sized enterprises can be less interfered by other non-economic factors and can be handled in full accordance with market rules; Third, commercial banks have the advantages of leasing business in terms of business outlets, management systems, professionals and information networks. Therefore, under the current economic situation, it should be a practical financing method for small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out second-hand equipment leasing business for private small and medium-sized enterprises by commercial banks, and it can also give full play to the advantages of bank information and talents. 3. Compared with formal financing, private financing providers have a better understanding of the borrower's credit and income, thus overcoming the moral hazard and adverse selection caused by information asymmetry. This financing method can maximize the collection of funds and put them into the field of production and circulation, which relieves the pressure of insufficient bank credit funds to some extent. At the same time, it has high interest rate leverage sensitivity, less capital retention and simple procedures, which improves the utilization rate of funds and is an effective way to raise funds. However, the interest rate of this method is relatively high, and once the enterprise has major problems that make it impossible to pay, the problems will be very difficult. In addition, because of its "underground" nature, it can enable small and medium-sized enterprises to maintain the privacy of their operations while obtaining financing. Therefore, private financing can become an important channel for external financing of SMEs. However, private fund-raising has certain negativity. First of all, due to the unclear law, imperfect system and inconsistent understanding, private lending in some places is illegal or uncontrolled, which is why there are many cases of illegal fund-raising in Wenzhou. Therefore, we should not simply prohibit private financing activities, but should regulate them and bring them into the formal financial system. 4. Financial Leasing Channel Financial Leasing is a medium-and long-term fixed asset financing, which usually lasts for 3 to 5 years. Moreover, because financial leasing allows the lessee to repay the rent in advance, it has the advantages of short-term financing. In addition, financial leasing also has the advantages of high efficiency, low risk, and a package solution of equipment, services and financing. At present, most small and medium-sized enterprises in China are backward in technology and equipment, and it is difficult to obtain loans from banks to update them. To develop the financial leasing industry, enterprises can purchase or update equipment and improve product competitiveness with or without using operating funds. At present, the financial leverage of financial leasing has basically not been brought into play, and the assets of leasing companies in China are at most tens of billions of yuan, so there is a lot of room for development. What we can do for this way is to solve some policy constraints: under the premise of effective supervision, the access of financial leasing companies should be liberalized (because financial leasing companies belong to non-bank financial institutions, it is difficult to approve because of the strict access system, which is supervised by the China Banking Regulatory Commission); Second, appropriately lower the capital threshold (at present, it is stipulated that the minimum registered capital of newly established domestic leasing enterprises should reach 17 million yuan). 5. "Golden Shell" loan channel "Golden Shell" is an unsecured and unsecured loan insurance product. The urban and rural small guarantee insurance loan in Ningbo is the first in China. This financing model, in which the government, banks and insurance cooperate with each other to solve the problem of insufficient mortgage guarantee for small and medium-sized enterprises, farmers and urban and rural entrepreneurs, has been popularized in the whole province. "Golden Shell" strongly supports the production, operation and entrepreneurial development of small enterprises and urban and rural entrepreneurs, and "Golden Shell" business is just one of many measures launched by Ningbo to ease the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. The objects supported by this financing method include large agricultural planting and breeding households, small start-up enterprises and urban and rural entrepreneurs who apply for production and operation. 6. Pawning SME financing pawning may be the oldest business, and it has a disgraceful history in the eyes of many people. However, in the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises in recent years, pawn has regained the market with its unique advantages. There are more than 1, pawn shops in China, and some new ones are under examination and approval. Pawn is a financing channel for small and medium-sized enterprises, which takes physical objects as collateral and obtains temporary loans in the form of physical ownership transfer. In view of the backlog of unsalable goods in many small and medium-sized enterprises, pawn shops can help small and medium-sized enterprises to raise liquidity by using idle assets, thus playing an active role in revitalizing the existing assets of enterprises and promoting the circulation of goods. Compared with bank loans, besides loan interest, pawn loans also need to pay higher comprehensive fees, including storage fees, insurance premiums, pawn transaction costs, etc., so the cost of pawn loans is higher, and the scale of pawn loans is relatively small, but pawn loans have incomparable advantages over bank loans. First of all, it is convenient and quick, and it can solve the fund demand of the household quickly and timely; Secondly, the products are flexible; Third, the deadline is short and the turnover is fast; Fourth, because it is a pledge and mortgage in kind, it does not involve credit issues. These points are very suitable for the capital demand characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises. 7. Inventory financing channel Specifically, inventory financing provides a mechanism through which lenders can receive more information related to warehousing inventory and control warehousing inventory at a higher level. Among them, the warehousing inventory guarantees the financing arrangement, which can provide the lender with the guarantee of obtaining collateral in the case of the borrower's default. At present, there are three kinds of inventory pledge financing methods commonly used in the world: warehousing financing, trust receipt financing and mortgage bill inventory financing. The amount of financing funds in this way is flexible. Small and medium-sized enterprises use their inventories of raw materials, products in process and finished products as collateral to finance funds from financial institutions. However, considering the credit risk of banks and other financial institutions, the funds obtained through inventory guarantee are relatively small, but this can be used to alleviate the short-term lack of funds. 8. Accounts receivable financing channel The financing of accounts receivable is a distinctive financing method. Mainly small and medium-sized enterprises conditionally transfer their accounts receivable to specialized financing institutions, which provide financial services for enterprises such as funds, debt recovery, sales household management, credit sales control and bad debt guarantee, so that enterprises can obtain the required funds for turnover. This is a kind of financing source, which is more flexible. When an enterprise needs more funds due to the increase in sales, its invoice amount will also increase day by day, so that the amount of funds obtained on this basis will also grow day by day. Secondly, accounts receivable provide loan guarantees that enterprises may be extremely difficult to obtain in other ways. Finally, when accounts receivable are sold or sold, enterprises can obtain credit department services that are not available or expensive in other circumstances. However, the cost of this financing method is too high, usually 2% or 3% higher than the basic interest rate. In addition, if there are many invoices and the denomination is small, it may make this method very troublesome. In some western industrialized countries, the financing of accounts receivable shows a trend of substantial growth. 9. Venture capital channels Venture capital originated from Silicon Valley in the United States in the 194s. It is in the absence of any property as collateral, to exchange funds with the company's equity held by the company's operators. Venture capital has experienced a long period of introduction and growth in China, and it should be said to be a relatively mature financing channel for small and medium-sized enterprises in terms of policy system and operation. Venture capital is most suitable for small and medium-sized high-tech enterprises with high-tech products or projects and broad development space and market prospects, such as enterprises in communications, semiconductors, bioengineering and other industries. This is a good channel at the beginning of the enterprise's business, or when the product research and development stage and the market are in urgent need of funds. Using venture capital, small and medium-sized enterprises can be started as soon as possible. At present, venture capital has developed rapidly in China, and there are more than 2 venture capital institutions, the largest of which is the 1 billion yuan science and technology venture fund funded by the state finance and managed by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 1. One bottleneck of establishing a guarantee company channel for SME financing is the difficulty of guarantee. Therefore, the government does not have to participate in the investment or lending of SMEs on a large scale, but in the form of guarantee guidance. Establishing a guarantee company is the most direct measure. It is reported that the marketing cost of banks is high, and it is difficult for small enterprises to apply for loans directly from banks. This causes small enterprises to seek help from financing institutions such as guarantee institutions when they have financing needs. The cost of selecting customers by guarantee institutions is relatively low, and selecting high-quality projects from them to recommend to cooperative banks will improve the success rate of financing and reduce the marketing cost of banks. 11. Credit guarantee loan channel Credit guarantee is an intermediary service between banks and enterprises. Due to the intervention of guarantee, the risk of bank loan is dispersed and resolved, the security of bank assets is guaranteed, and the loan channels of enterprises have become smooth. At present, in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, more than 1 cities have established credit guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises. Most of these institutions are in the form of membership management and belong to public service, industry self-discipline and self-profit organizations. When a member enterprise borrows money from a bank, it can be guaranteed by a small and medium-sized enterprise guarantee institution. In addition, SMEs can also seek guarantee services from guarantee companies that specialize in intermediary services. With the strong support of national policies and relevant departments, credit guarantee loans will become another effective financing channel for SMEs. According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China, Article 25 The People's Bank of China may issue and pay treasury bonds and other government bonds to various financial institutions on behalf of the finance department of the State Council. According to Article 3 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks, commercial banks may engage in some or all of the following businesses: (1) absorbing public deposits; (two) short-term, medium-term and long-term loans; (3) Handling domestic and international settlement; (4) Handling bill acceptance and discount; (5) Issuing financial bonds; (6) Acting as an agent to issue, honor and underwrite government bonds; (7) buying and selling government bonds and financial bonds; (eight) engaged in interbank lending; (9) buying and selling foreign exchange as an agent; (ten) engaged in bank card business; (eleven) to provide letter of credit services and guarantees; (twelve) the agent payment and insurance agency business; (thirteen) to provide safe deposit box services; (14) Other businesses approved by the State Council Banking Regulatory Authority. The business scope shall be stipulated in the articles of association of the commercial bank and reported to the banking regulatory authority of the State Council for approval. With the approval of the People's Bank of China, commercial banks can engage in foreign exchange settlement and sale.

second, what channels do small loan companies have to raise funds now?

Now some asset management companies are doing it. For example, Guangdong Pacific Asset Management (Group) has several financing models.

Third, small loan companies need financing now. What channels are there?

private lending, give a name and find someone to invest. Companies like Guangzhou have a lot of money, and all they have is the money of the elderly. Some health care company or something.

iv. what is the BO financing method?

It should be BOT financing method

BOT is the abbreviation of English Build-Operate-Transfer, that is, the construction-operation-transfer method, which means that the government grants the concession of an infrastructure project to a contractor (usually an international consortium). The contractor is responsible for the project design, financing, construction and operation during the concession period, and recovers costs, repays debts and earns profits. After the concession period, the ownership of the project will be transferred to the government. In essence, BOT financing mode is a special operation mode for government and contractors to cooperate in infrastructure projects.

BOT financing mode is called "franchise financing mode" in China, which means that the state or local government departments authorize the foreign-invested enterprises (including Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperation and wholly foreign-owned enterprises) of the signatory parties to undertake the financing, construction, operation and maintenance of public infrastructure (basic industries) projects through franchise agreements; Within the concession period stipulated in the agreement, the project company has the ownership to invest in the construction of facilities, and is allowed to charge appropriate fees to the users of facilities, so as to recover the investment, operation and maintenance costs of the project and obtain reasonable returns; After the franchise expires, the project company will hand over the facilities to the government departments of the contracting parties free of charge.