how could there be no hospital in ancient China? Developed medicine is an important part of Chinese civilization. Without developed medicine, it cannot be called brilliant civilization. There were hospitals in China in the Zhou Dynasty, but the names of ancient hospitals were not modern names, and pharmacies all over the country also had the functions of hospitals.

"Hospital" has existed in China for a long time. According to Guanzi, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong established a "nursing home" in Linzi, the capital of Qi State. "Every country has people who are deaf, blind, dumb, partial, grasping, and unable to bear the disease of self-birth, who take care of their faces and eat clothes, and then stop." It is equivalent to the reception of disabled patients.

If the nursing home built by Guan Zhong is not a real hospital, the emergence of a real hospital in ancient times has a lot to do with the epidemic. There was a regional drought in the Western Han Dynasty, which led to epidemic diseases, so the emperor ordered doctors to be sent to see the people at specially designated places. Huang Fugui, a corps commander during the reign of Emperor Huan at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, once established an army field hospital. Because of the epidemic disease in the army, Huangfugui rented private houses to concentrate patients for treatment. This place is called "An Lu".

In the Song Dynasty, "An Le Fang" and "An Ji Fang" were set up in prefectures and counties, and outpatient departments were set up, which were called "Heji Bureau". The pharmacy of the pharmacy bureau was called "the pharmacy bureau" at that time. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the pharmacy was called Taiping Huimin Bureau, and the Recipe of Heji Bureau handed down in the Northern Song Dynasty was renamed Taiping Huimin Heji Bureau. There are thirteen volumes in one volume, which are divided into many categories, including typhoid fever, various asthenia, phlegm and so on.

As for the imperial hospital for medical treatment and health care, it is set up strictly. There was no separate Tai Hospital before Yuan Dynasty. Generally, institutions such as the Department of Imperial Cure and the Bureau of Imperial Cure belong to Taichang Temple. The name of "Tai Hospital" began in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and it became an independent institution in the Yuan Dynasty. At this time, Tai Hospital was not only responsible for medical treatment, but also for making imperial medicine. In the Ming Dynasty, the imperial hospitals were divided in detail, including court ambassadors, court judges, imperial doctors and officials, as well as crude drug banks and Huimin pharmacy.

who said there were no hospitals in ancient China? There are two main reasons why hospitals failed to develop in ancient China. First, doctors in ancient China were passive in the doctor-patient relationship. Second, the secrecy among doctors is very serious.

Go to the museum and see an inscription on the Map of Pingjiang handed down from the Southern Song Dynasty. There is a building on it, which is marked with the word "hospital". This is a hospital in Suzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, also known as an nursing home, which was built by Lin Jie, a criminal in western Zhejiang Province, to accept prisoners. Therefore, the hospital has "a hundred foundations, three hectares of land, food and drink, smoking and burning, people who are in charge of the supervision of the hospital, and the method of storing and awarding it to the people who are excited." Simple and good materials, extract famous prescriptions, and refine them by giving doctors and doctors. "

in fact, in the song dynasty, hospitals were built everywhere. The hospital is sometimes called the "Sick House". During Yuan You's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty, "Su Wenzhong knew Hangzhou well, and set up a sick house in the city with a private sum of 52 taels of money, named" Anle ",which was run by monks. In three years, more than 1, people were cured." Later, the sick house was renamed "Anji House". In the first year of Chongning (112), the imperial court ordered Anjifang to be set up all over the country; In the fourth year of Daguan (111), the "Anjifang Law" was promulgated: every city village with more than 1, households should set up Anjifang, and anyone who is sick and helpless in the territory can be sent to Anjifang for treatment. Anjifang "should be treated in different rooms according to the severity of patients to prevent gradual infection." It is also used as a kitchen, thinking that soup and medicine eat people's dormitory. " That is, the patient isolation system is implemented, and soup, medicine and meals are provided.

in song dynasty, there were usually doctors sitting in the drugstore, which was similar to the outpatient department. For example, the Administration of Pesticides in Lin 'an Prefecture in the Southern Song Dynasty said, "Those who come to see the disease should be treated with drugs", and "If people throw drugs into the Administration according to their symptoms, they will be cured". Can you say this is not a hospital?

most of the traditional Chinese medicines in China are "sitting in the classroom for consultation", which are compared with "Tongrentang", "Yixiaotang" and "Jiuzhitang" … and so on. Second, the doctor came to the door to make a prescription and let the patient go to the drugstore to get the medicine according to the prescription. Nowadays, the "barefoot doctor" in those days was carrying a medicine box for home service and treatment. In ancient times, medicine was separated, and most Chinese medicine practitioners sat in pharmacies to diagnose and prescribe drugs. Chinese medicine practitioners don't need injections or operations, so they don't need to be hospitalized. They just need to prescribe a few medicines by a doctor or make a few home visits, so there is no hospital or hospital name. In the sixties and seventies of the last century, every family in rural areas still had a crock for boiling Chinese medicine. Chinese medicine dregs fell in the middle of the road, allowing vehicles to crush and thousands of people to step on the ground to take away the disease and bad luck!

There were many doctors in ancient times, but there was no sign of "hospital". If there were no hospitals in ancient times, who would treat the diseases of the people, and who would see the diseases of emperors and dignitaries in feudal dynasties? But one thing I believe is that the ancient medical equipment is relatively backward, and there is no B-ultrasound test, but there are still drops of surgical bone scraping and healing.

As far as the Big Dipper knows, in ancient times, the name of the hospital was different. The place where ordinary people went to see a doctor was called "Health Hall". Of course, folk doctors, together with monks and nuns in temples, also played the role of treating people.

In ancient times, the places where the nobles of imperial power saw a doctor were mostly called "Tai Hospital", and Tai Hospital was designed for the emperor, concubines of three palaces and six hospitals, and was not open to the common people, and unlike you and me today, you can freely enter and leave major hospitals.

In ancient times, doctors, except foreign missionaries, were mostly Chinese medicine practitioners, and they also sat in the classroom to ask questions, and they also relied on "listening, smelling, asking and feeling". For example, Huang Feihong's ancestral "Baozhilin" is a typical folk yiguang, which is famous for its ancestral medical skills and secret recipes, and Liuwei local pills produced by "Jiuzhitang" have become the classics of Chinese medicine.

With the development and extensive communication of Chinese medicine, folk doctors have been standardized by the government and divided into specialized departments, and gradually formed the patron saint of treating diseases for the people and protecting people's health. Please respect medicine and the fruits of doctors' labor and work hard to build a harmonious society!

First of all, the view that there were no hospitals in ancient China is not rigorous enough.

let's take a look at the examples of the Ming dynasty.

in the Ming dynasty, the central government set up a hospital, a crude drug bank and a Huimin pharmacy. There is one court ambassador, two court judges and more than a dozen physician in the Imperial Hospital. There is an ambassador and an assistant ambassador in the pharmacognosy database and Huimin pharmacy respectively.

The main task of the Imperial Hospital is to be responsible for the medical treatment of the emperor and his family, which needs no elaboration. In addition, when princes and nobles are ill, the imperial hospital will send people to make a diagnosis and give treatment according to the emperor's will. "The ministers of civil and military affairs and foreign monarchs are ill, and they are also instructed to look at them. Whether its treatment is possible or not has this replay. "

obviously, these treatments are all doctor visits.

in addition, in the Ming dynasty, Huimin pharmacy was set up at the local level, and doctors were stationed in Tai Hospital, and Huimin pharmacy was set up in foreign prefectures and counties. There are doctors, healers or medical officers in the border guards and people gathering places, all of which are tried and dispatched by our hospital. "

The number of such doctors and medical officers is small. It is estimated that there are not too many doctors in a county, that is, one or two people, and there are certainly not more than a dozen doctors in the Huimin Pharmacy Bureau in Fuzhou. These are actually government-run medical institutions in the Ming Dynasty, which are actually government-run hospitals.

The source of these selected doctors is that they need to pass the examination and be hired by the Too Hospital, and the Too Hospital will regularly assess them: "All doctors' children should be taught by choosing teachers. Try, try and try three times in three or five years, which is what you want. "

in addition to these official pharmacies, there are also a large number of private doctors.

To discuss the problem of ancient hospitals, we should also consider the following two aspects: the first is the treatment methods of ancient Chinese medicine, and the second is the economic feasibility.

Ancient Chinese medicine mainly diagnosed the disease and prescribed prescriptions for patients, and sometimes acupuncture, massage, massage and scraping were used.

for most patients, after doctors diagnose and prescribe the prescription, they should take the medicine according to the prescription and apply it orally and externally, just wait for it to take effect slowly. In the meantime, it is useless to stay with the doctor, and the patient would rather take medicine at home.

Some patients with trauma or emergency may need to stay with the doctor in the short term, but such cases should be rare. Once the condition is relieved, they should go home to take medicine.

from the doctor's point of view, practicing medicine is a means of making a living, not charity. If we take in patients, it is bound to expand the scale, and the increased costs will eventually be borne by the patients. This will also encourage patients to choose to take medicine home to save money. In addition, in ancient times, traffic was inconvenient, and patients could only choose to make a diagnosis and treatment on the spot.

Although the medical system in ancient China was primitive, it had a basic framework. Just because of various factors, hospitals in the modern sense have been delayed.

I'm Qian Qiu Wen Shi, and I'll answer this question.

The hospital gives us the illusion that it was introduced to China from the west.

actually, the history of hospitals in ancient China is long, but the name is not called hospital.

The formation and development of ancient hospitals in China can be roughly divided into three periods.

Early bud

The ancient hospitals in China originated in the early Spring and Autumn Period.

Let's explain. The consciousness of this sentence is that Guan Zhong of Qi had set up many medical welfare structures in Kyoto to accommodate the deaf, blind and paralyzed, and gave them accommodation and treatment until they recovered from illness.

This happened in the 7th century BC. It is the prototype of the earliest hospital, which is nearly 3 years earlier than the Roman sanatorium founded in the 4th century BC in Europe.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Chao Cuo proposed to Emperor Wendi that "the people should be raised to promote the traffic jam", and at the same time stressed that medicine should be set up to save the disease.

According to Hanshu, in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 2), due to the drought in the Yellow River, Emperor Han Ping ordered that patients should be treated in the epidemic area. This temporary "epidemic hospital" was the predecessor of modern infectious diseases hospital and the earliest public hospital.

this is very similar to the current specialized wards.

Development and promotion period

From the end of Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism prevailed. Because many monks were proficient in medical skills, some monasteries became institutions for treating patients. Of course, the treatment of monasteries belonged to charity.

In the 4th year of Yongming in the Southern Qi Dynasty (491), there was a flood in Xing Wu, and then a plague broke out. King Jingling vacated his residence to treat patients, which was the earliest private hospital in China.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the country enjoyed unprecedented prosperity, and hospitals developed rapidly. At the beginning, it was called "Sad Field Workshop", but in the Kaiyuan period, it was changed to "Sick Workshop", which spread all over the country.

At the same time, a "patient's workshop" was set up to treat leprosy patients in centralized isolation treatment.

The imperial health care institution established in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Imperial Medical Department, became more perfect in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with specialties such as physical therapy, juvenile, hearing, speaking, and angle therapy. This is a government-run health care hospital, which also trains medical talents. It is the earliest medical school in the world.

In the Song Dynasty, various hospitals were widely set up.

In 176 AD, a pharmacy was established in Kaifeng, and it was quickly popularized throughout the country. Later, it was renamed as the Harmony Agent Huimin Bureau, which brought great convenience for people to buy and treat diseases.

according to Suzhou fuzhi, in 189, Su Shi and others set up "Anjifang" in Hangzhou to treat the poor and needy. At that time, there was a perfect management system and medical records.

The Tang Dynasty Imperial Medical Administration was renamed Imperial Medical Administration, and its nature remained a comprehensive institution of teaching and medical treatment.

In addition, a child-friendly bureau has been established to treat abandoned babies, a medical hospital for soldiers, a sick prison for prisoners and a Futian hospital for the elderly and the weak.

When Arab and Western hospitals were introduced into the Yuan Dynasty, in addition to nourishing hospitals and Huimin pharmacy, some Arab hospitals-Guanghuisi and Huihui Pharmacy were also established.

in the early Ming dynasty, the frontier health centers and villages and towns with large population all set up Huimin pharmacy, and also set up nursing homes for widowed, lonely and disabled people.

Since Ming Chengzu moved to Beijing, the Tai Hospital has set up thirteen departments, including Dafang Pulse, Xiaofang Pulse and Women.

after the middle of the Ming dynasty, western medicine began to be introduced. in 1569, the bishop of Macao, Ganello, established a church hospital in Macao.

after the Qing dynasty, western hospitals were continuously established in China, which also played a certain role in the reform of traditional hospitals in China.

To sum up, there were hospitals in ancient China, from the medical welfare institutions in the Spring and Autumn Period, the plague temporary relief institutions in the Han Dynasty, the welfare hospitals in the Jin Dynasty, and the Sad Field Square in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which formed the early forms of hospitals. The establishment of specialized hospitals in the Song Dynasty marked the professional development. The establishment of Guanghui Department in the Yuan Dynasty and Western hospitals in the Ming and Qing Dynasties promoted the exchange and development of Chinese and Western medicine.

On the contrary, China is the first country in the world to set up hospitals.

The Collection of Scholars, The Tube Volume records: "Every country has diseases in the palm of its hand, which are deaf, blind, dumb, partial and dry. Those who hold hands and deliver them are intolerant of being born, and those who take them up and raise them, while those who are officials eat clothes, and then stop." It can be seen that in the early Spring and Autumn Period (7th century BC), Guan Zhong, a statesman of Qi State, created a "nursing home", which was the earliest record of an ancient official hospital.

In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty of the Han Dynasty (AD 2), there was a drought and a plague in the Yellow River area, so Emperor Liu Yan set up many doctors and medicines in the area to treat the people free of charge. This is probably the first public temporary hospital in the history of China.

In the 9th year of Yongming in the Southern Qi Dynasty (491), Xing Wu was flooded and epidemic diseases were rampant. Wang Xiao of Jingling vacated his house, set up doctors and adopted poor patients, which was the earliest form of private charity hospital in China.

In the 21st year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (497), Emperor Xiaowen (Yuan Hong) set up a "Biefang" in Luoyang and sent four doctors to buy medicines. Anyone who can't afford medical treatment can go to see a doctor.

hospitals in the Tang dynasty were all called "sick houses". Twenty years after open source (733), the name of the sick workshop began to appear. At that time, most of the sick houses were set up in temples, and most of the hosts were monks and nuns. Not only in big cities like Chang 'an and Luoyang, but also in other states.

in the fourth year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (189), when Su Dongpo was an official in Hangzhou, he donated 5 taels of silver. Together with public funds, we set up a sick workshop called "Anlefang", which cured thousands of patients in three years. This is the first public-private joint hospital in the history of China.

from then until the Ming dynasty, most counties and counties had public hospitals called "Anji Square". Privately run hospitals are called "Nursing Home" and "Shou 'an Home"; The hospital in the charity class is called the "Kindness Bureau", which resents different classes to recruit and treat patients.

Of course, these hospitals always take giving alms to the poor or publicizing general transactions as their main tasks, and they do not play an important role in medical research and the creation and dissemination of medical knowledge, or in the training of medical and nursing staff, and rarely have professional doctor positions and subject classification.

the term "hospital" first appeared in the 13th century Suzhou plan "Pingjiang map". At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the "Gu Su Zhi" in the Hongwu period recorded that "the nursing home was behind the state bell hall and used to be called the hospital." This "hospital" began in the Baoqing period of the Southern Song Dynasty, and was called "nursing home" at that time. Its main function was actually to recuperate sick prisoners awaiting trial, and its task was more political than scientific, and it did not have an important social impact.

the real appearance of the name "hospital" will be after the 193s.

The appearance of the word "hospital" in modern times was related to the entry of western medicine into China. Europe