[Keywords:] Song Dynasty; Publishing control; Manuscript review
【 China Library Classification Number 】 K24 【 Document Identification Number 】 A 【 Document Contribution Number 】1004-518x (2012) 03-0097-07
Fang (195 1-), male, chief professor of economic history, doctoral supervisor, Ph.D., whose main research direction is the history of financial supervision in China; Gao Yuemei (1985-), female, Ph.D. candidate, School of Economics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics. Her main research direction is economic change and historical experience. (Nanchang, Jiangxi 3300 13)
This paper is a phased achievement of the National Natural Science Foundation project "Research on the Government Governance Thought in Song Dynasty from the Perspective of Policy Tools" (project approval number: 7097 1057).
First, the historical background of publishing control in Song Dynasty
(A) the progress of papermaking technology and printing industry in the Song Dynasty
The progress of papermaking technology in the Song Dynasty is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, all kinds of papermaking raw materials, such as mulberry bark, hemp, bamboo, mulberry bark, rattan, moss, wheat straw and rice straw, can be mashed and retted into pulp; Second, after the pulp is cooked, use a paper mold (paper machine) to make pulp, and the pulp is dried on the wall instead of being baked in a smoking cage. This technical improvement made the paper produced in Song Dynasty have strong toughness and uniform thickness, and the paper width increased a lot compared with the previous generation, and the output was also great, which provided inexhaustible paper for the printing of books.
At the same time, the printing industry in Song Dynasty also made remarkable progress. In the Qing Dynasty, Bi Yi invented movable type printing. While woodcut is widely used, copperplate prints also appear. Books printed in the Song Dynasty are exquisitely carved, ink-scented and paper-moist, and rigorously collated, which are valued by later bibliophiles and edition experts.
(2) Song Dynasty's policy of attaching importance to Confucianism.
The emperor of Song Dynasty carried out the policy of emphasizing Confucianism with text. For example, Song Taizong is famous for his "fixed literature and history" in history books. In the face of "since the chaos, the classics have been lost, and Kong Zhou's teachings will fall to the ground", "after he acceded to the throne, he cleaned up and copied it in many ways, and now there are tens of thousands of volumes, which is the way to control the chaos in past dynasties, and he is one of them". After Song Zhenzong ascended the throne, he continued to regard orthography as the basic national policy of the Song Dynasty. In order to improve the cultural level of local counties, in February of the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1009), Xu Qufu first established a school in the Confucian Temple and awarded Tianfu Academy, which was the beginning of the establishment of schools in counties.
There were three large-scale schools in the Northern Song Dynasty. The first time was during the New Deal of Renzong in the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court set up schools on a large scale throughout the country, and with the preferential policy of granting school land, it persuaded all counties and counties in the country to set up schools generally, equipped with teachers with expertise in learning, and initially stipulated the academic system. The second time was when Zongshen Xifeng reformed, Wang Anshi edited the outline, compiled a new imperial examination textbook "Three Classics and New Meanings", and established the three-shed method for business students, which made the business education system constantly perfect and strict. The third time was in Hui Zong. The imperial court focused on setting up county schools, which solved the problems of funds, school buildings, food and so on, and provided a solid material foundation for the prosperity of county schools. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty, despite the constant war and turmoil, the imperial court still regarded promoting learning as an important national policy. In the twenty-fifth year of Shaoxing (1 155), Zhang zhen, secretary of Daotong province, pointed out: "Your Majesty (Song Gaozong) came to the imperial palace, set up a school, saluted and enjoyed himself, and the bachelor in the world lost his hometown."
(C) the prosperity of the publishing industry in the Song Dynasty
The progress of papermaking and printing technology in Song Dynasty provided the necessary conditions for the prosperity of the publishing industry, and the policy of valuing Confucianism promoted the prosperity of the publishing industry, so the publishing industry in Song Dynasty reached an unprecedented prosperity in history. The publishing industry in Song Dynasty can be roughly divided into three systems: one is official engraving, which is called official engraving. There are differences between central and local official engravings. Imperial academy's carved books are the most famous in the central government, and the local carved books are the minister's library, which is divided into tea and salt department, transshipment department, appeasement department and punishment department according to the official name. In addition, there are engravings of state schools, military schools, county schools, county schools and academies. The official version is mainly about Confucianism, official history and medicine. Second, privately funded proofreading and engraving are called home engraving books. The custom of private engraving was prevalent in Song Dynasty, and private engraving was often marked with a school, a hall, a village, a house and a government. For example, there are 32 schools in "Linshu Huaqing" in Ye Dehui, such as Yueshi's Xiangtai Family School, Liao Ying's Zhongshi Caitang, Shuguang Dufei's Learning Hall, Jianyi's Wangshi Hanshitang, Jian 'an's Caizi Wendong School, and Jian 'an's Huangshan House Zongren Family School. The engravings of scholars in Song Dynasty are mostly Confucian classics, official history, philosophers, anthologies, etc. And there are few books on medicine or science and technology. Therefore, the types of books engraved in the home edition and the official edition are roughly the same. Third, the books carved by ordinary booksellers are called square engraving. In Song Dynasty, Fang's block-printed edition published the largest number of books and the widest distribution scope. For example, Masha and Chonghua in Fujian are rich in bamboo and wood, so the paper industry is developed, and the banyan trees with soft wood and easy carving are "book houses". Ye Mengde said in "Misty Rain in the Stone Forest": "How many times is Fujian in the world?" Square block printing in the Song Dynasty is famous for its booksellers' names, such as so-and-so bookstore, bookstore, bookstore or bookshop, ancient books store and so on. There is an important difference between the square block-printed edition and the official block-printed edition and the home block-printed edition: the official block-printed edition and the home block-printed edition are not for profit, and their contents are mainly Confucian classics and official history, representing the leading ideology of the government; However, Fang's block-printed editions are for profit, mostly common folk books and literary books loved by the lower classes, as well as ancient books and sub-books such as posts, essays, rhymes, books and selections needed for the imperial examination, as well as so-called compilation notes, which focus on words and meanings. Due to the complexity of the contents engraved in the square engraving, it is inevitable that the good and the bad are mixed, and some even run counter to the dominant ideology of the ruling class, which directly threatens the long-term stability of the country. In view of this, the control of publishing activities in Song Dynasty was gradually strengthened and matured.
Second, the types of controlled books
(1) It is forbidden to engrave and sell books on current politics and border defense military aircraft.
The Song Dynasty ended the five dynasties' separatist regime and established a unified regime, but it successively confronted the regimes of Liao, Xixia, Jin, Mongolia and other ethnic minorities for a long time. However, this does not affect the economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups. The "mutual market" on the border made the books of the Song Dynasty continuously flow into the territory of the minority regime, some courtiers discussed the gains and losses of current politics, and related state secrets such as memorials, meetings, national history and records spread to enemy countries, which caused serious adverse consequences to the military and diplomacy of the Song Dynasty. In this regard, the Song Dynasty adopted a control policy of prohibiting such books from leaving the country and never printing them.
After the alliance between Song and Liao, the economic and trade exchanges between the two countries became more and more frequent, and books became one of the important commodities in the market trade of Song and Liao, and some books related to border defense military aircraft also crossed the border. In this regard, Song Zhenzong stipulated in September of the third year in Jingdezhen (1006): "People who go to the edge of the market to buy books are forbidden because they don't know the Nine Classics. Offenders are guilty, and their books are not official. " However, although Song Ting repeatedly emphasized "the method of selling books in the northern border to catch them", "people are fond of profit, although rewards and punishments are heavy, they cannot be banned". During the heyday of Song Renzong, this situation was even more serious. "Since the reconciliation of Beirong (the alliance of monasteries), people have been sent to Xiongzhou on business, so they will bring court officials to write articles and distribute them to him, and many say that the court has prevented the suppression of border incidents." This situation forced the rulers of the Song Dynasty to re-examine the original policy thinking of controlling book transshipment only in the market, and instead focused on prohibiting the publication of books related to current politics and border defense military aircraft, trying to solve the problem from the root. To this end, Ouyang Xiu pointed out: "There are nearly 20 volumes of anthology printed in Beijing, most of which are talking about current politics. The first article is about Fu Bi's abdication a few years ago. During this period, there were many questions about Chen Bei's betrayal, which were detailed in language and could not be circulated. However, the signer knew nothing about this, and the fear of theft gradually dispersed, and the shackles were introduced, which was more inconvenient than the court. " In view of this situation, he suggested that the court "be enlightened to go to the yamen, visit the begging board and stop the bookstore." In the future, if there are unauthorized engraving and printing anthologies without detailed litigation, they shall not be sold. Xu Pu Shu told people of all colors to give them 200 yuan to make people rich. Its carving board is strictly cut in parallel with the seller, and you can stop it. "Ouyang Xiu's remarks attracted great attention from the imperial court. In May of the first year of Kangding (1040), Song Renzong wrote a letter: "People who have no plans to visit Beijing, the home of the bookstore, engrave and sell the words of various people into the border machine for external distribution. Entrusted Kaifengfu to chase after him and let people report and investigate. "