The most essential principle to distinguish the authenticity of antiques is feature comparison. There are many kinds of antiques, but each kind of antique, such as porcelain and bronze ware, has various characteristics because of its different age, material, production technology and preservation conditions. Such as mold marks left by bronze casting, all kinds of copper rust left by years, painted pigments of porcelain, tire soil, glaze characteristics and so on. . Many of these naturally occurring features are unique to artifacts of different times. In other words, they are like anti-counterfeiting marks on banknotes, which are artificially impossible to copy or expensive to copy. To identify the authenticity of antiques is to use these characteristics for comparison. The authenticity of an antique is to determine the name and classification of the antique first, and then compare it according to the corresponding signs to see if there are these features on it and whether these features are consistent with the real thing. This is the way to judge the authenticity of antiques. Because there are so many kinds of antiques, it is basically impossible for a person to master the identification characteristics of each antique. A person who studies hard all his life can only master a few kinds at most. Therefore, an expert can identify anything, often unreliable porcelain identification. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the establishment and development of Jingdezhen official kiln, calligraphy on porcelain tended to be systematic and standardized. On the other hand, the styles of folk kiln porcelain are diverse and complicated. The following dynasties. Ming Hongwu: During the Hongwu period, no official kiln ware with year number was found. There are few folk kilns, only blue and white ones write "Fu" and "Shou". In addition, a blue-and-white porcelain jar was found in Yushan County, Jiangxi Province. Inscription is engraved on the belly of the cylinder, which is a rare object with clear Hongwu year. Wen Jian: No porcelain of any year has been found. Yongle: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, writing the emperor's year number on porcelain as a clue began in Yongle. There is only one style of the four-character seal script of "Yongle Year", and there is no regular script. Shen Du, a bachelor of Hanlin in Yongle of Ming Dynasty, is in Shanghai Museum. The bottom of the inkstone is engraved with the cross seal of "Yongle B not autumn Hanlin Shen Du knowledge". Careful contrast, similar to Yongle calligraphy font on porcelain. Therefore, the inscription of Yongle Grand Ceremony may have been written by Shen Du, an academician at that time, and then copied by craftsmen and written on porcelain. There are not many officials in Yongle, and only blue-and-white glaze, blue glaze and red glaze are seen on porcelain. Among the blue and white objects, the emperor's year number is only written on the pressed cup; In addition, a pair of Yongle blue-and-white lid bottles lost in Japan in the early years, the word "Neifu" in the sports book, is obviously an intrauterine device. Monochrome glaze has two styles: carving and printing. The blue-and-white porcelain wares in folk kilns are written with the words "Fu", "Lu" and "Shou". Yide: During the reign of Xuande, the title of emperor increased sharply, mostly in regular script, and there were also seal scripts that came down in one continuous line with Yongle. There are only two styles: Daming Xuande Year System and Xuande Year System. Most of them are six-character and two-line regular script, and the four-character "Xuande Year System" is rare. There are seal characters in seal cutting, mainly seal characters. There is no money printed. There are often single coils, double coils, long boxes, long boxes and double coils. And those without frames. The inscriptions on Xuande porcelain are relatively random, with inscriptions on feet, mouth edges, ears, handles, inner cores and lids. That's why there is the saying that "the wind of Xuande is covered". There is also a "great virtue auspicious field" and "respect for power", and the blue and white kiln has "blessing" and "longevity". Daotong, Jingtai and Tianshun: There were no official kilns with year patterns in Daotong and Jingtai dynasties. In the orthodox period, there were only two cases: the first year of orthodoxy and the eighth year of orthodoxy. Jingtai has never seen anything. Only four pieces were seen in Tianshun Dynasty: an egg-glazed and phoenix-patterned porcelain plate made in Tianshun Year, an official kiln, is now in the collection of te Foundation of Britain. The other two books, The History of Datong Horse in the Seven Years of Tianshun; The book has the word "Tianshun Year", and all three objects are blue and white three-legged cylinder furnaces. Chenghua: mainly based on the six-character and two-line paragraph of the blue-and-white regular script "Daming Chenghua Year System". In addition to paragraphs, some have double circles, some have double frames, and some have no frames. There are also official kiln cans with the word "Tian" written on the bottom. Folk kilns write "Daming Chenghua Year System" and "Next Year System". Hongzhi: Mainly based on the blue-and-white regular script "Da Ming Hongzhi Year System". In addition, the four-character printing style of "Hongzhi Year System" is mostly seal cutting. There are also "Hongzhi Year System" and "Shang Yong" written in red, which are also official kilns. There are also some folk kiln wares that write the year of Ganzhi, such as "Renzi Year System" (Hongzhi five years, 1492). Others wrote "Happiness from now on" and "Long life" in Kyrgyz. Zheng De: There are mainly six-character "Daming Zheng De Nian System" and four-character "Zheng De Nian System", most of which are four characters. There is a style of writing and writing. Besides Chinese, there are also useful tips written in Arabic and Sanskrit. Folk kilns are often Zheng Denian and next year, and there are Kyrgyz words such as "long life and wealth" and "peace in the world". Jiajing: Jiajing official funds are generally written on the soles of the feet, and the "Daming Jiajing Year System" is six words and two lines, plus double circles; It is rare to write a six-character horizontal section at the mouth of a container, but it is also found at the mouth of a large plate and a vat. There are several styles such as blue and white, red color, lettering and gold painting, all of which are regular script, but not seal script. There are two straight lines, one horizontal line and six fields circled and crossed. Some folk kilns say "Jiajing made" and "Next year made". There are hall names, such as "Zishutang" and "Dongshutang". Personal names have increased sharply, such as "Chen Shougui made it" and "Deng Kui made it himself". Kyrgyz language has also increased, such as "wealth and beauty", "longevity and corning" and "peace and prosperity". In addition, the vessel with the words "Jin Da Dip in the altar" was a Taoist vessel at that time. Qin Long: The year of all official kilns is written in two lines: "Made in Daming and Qin Long", but "Made in Qin Long" is rare. Paragraphs are usually surrounded by double circles or boxes. There are two styles of Qin Long: blue and white and red. The red style is mostly used for colored utensils. Wanli: The official payment is mainly based on "Daming Wanli System" with six words and two lines, and four words and two lines are rare. Some models have double rings, some have no rings, or the six-character model is annular. There are blue and white and carved models. Hall names, names and Kyrgyz language have increased, such as "Xuqingtang", "Chunsitang", "Chengtingzi Kitchen" and "Wan Fu Oil Drum". Apocalypse: The official funds are mainly based on the six-character and two-line "Da Ming Apocalypse Year System", and there are also books "Apocalypse Year System". The chronology of books in folk kilns includes the first year of apocalypse, the eighth year of apocalypse, the three-year system of apocalypse in Tang Dynasty, and the hidden system of Daming apocalypse. There are "Zhu Shi House", "Bai Yutang", "Le Tong Qijia" and "Renbo Qijia" in the hall names and auspicious words, and there are also common patterns, such as rabbits, ganoderma lucidum and Fang Sheng. Chongzhen: During the Chongzhen period, there were few official objects, such as "Chongzhen Year System in Ming Dynasty" and "Chongzhen Ding Chou" (Chongzhen Ten Years, 1637). Folk kilns are popular in terms of hall names, names and auspicious words, such as "Xiangfengtang", "Jiawuchun", "Meng Zhaofu" and "rich and beautiful utensils". Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty: The official funds of Shunzhi were scarce. "Qing Shunzhi year system" has two lines, and there are double circles outside the funds. Generally, there are no boxes with the words "Shunzhi Year System", all of which are blue and white. The official and branch years of the People's Secret Service are quite common, such as "Shunzhi Ding Nian" (1657) and "Gengzi Year" (1660). However, the name and auspicious quantity of the hall have decreased, such as "Jishantang", "Baihuazhai" and "Xichou Academy". One is "Kangxi Imperial System", which is written on enamel. There are also some official kilns that write the chronology of official support, such as "Kangxi Xinhai Zhonghetang System (167 1)", which used to be the residence of Emperor Kangxi in Yuanmingyuan. Therefore, the vessels with "neutralization hall system" are the royal vessels in the palace. Porcelain styles in Kangxi dynasty were varied. According to the style of calligraphy, there are: regular script, seal script and running script. Most of the official funds are regular script, but few are seal script. According to color, there are: blue and white, glaze red, gold color, red color, purple brown purple, black, yellow, blue and other materials. According to the paragraph, the outer frame is divided into: double circle, single circle, yuan circle, bilateral positive frame and so on. According to the arrangement, there are six words, two lines, three words, four words, two lines and four words. Folk kilns generally have no annual fee, but other types of payment methods are very popular. Yongzheng: The year number of the official kiln is mostly found in the "Qing Yongzheng Year Number System" with six characters and two lines in regular script, and there are also six characters and three lines with double circles or boxes outside. There are four characters in the style of "Yongzheng Year System" and "Yongzheng Imperial System" for enamelware, which are generally regular script with two lines written vertically and enclosed by boxes. On the tea powder, stove and Jun-imitating device, you can see the four-character seal cutting of "Yongzheng Year System". The four-character ancient money-shaped model of "Yongzheng Year System" is mainly found at the bottom of flowerpots and other utensils. There are not as many hall names in Yongzheng dynasty as in Kangxi period. The more famous is the "Langyin Pavilion System", which was popular before Yongzheng reached the summit. Langyin Pavilion was the reading room of Yongzheng at that time. There are also "Yanghe Hall", "Xifan Hall" and "Zhihetang" in the names of the halls. For names, there are "Jiang Ming system", "Feng Zhai" and "Song Year". Kyrgyz is rare; There are a certain number of patterns, such as ganoderma lucidum, tripod, flower head and so on. Qianlong: There are two styles of official kilns in Qianlong dynasty: Kai and Zhuan, but the six-character and three-line seal is the main style. Most of them are not circled. Most of them are blue and white, with gold, red and blue materials and carved flowers. There are as many names in the Tang Dynasty as in the Kangxi Dynasty. Among the names, Tang Ying and Hua Yao Taoist are famous, Tang Ying is the kiln supervisor, and Hua Yao Taoist is the Prince of Qianlong. Jiaqing: Official money is mainly based on seal script, with few regular script, mostly "Jiaqing Year System in Qing Dynasty" with six characters and three lines. There are sixty-four characters in the folk kiln, but the font is scrawled. There is a kind of seal script. Daoguang: The official style is roughly the same as Jiaqing's, and most of them are "light-year-old system" with six characters and three lines printed. Write in blue, white and red. Xianfeng: There was a new trend of using regular script to draw money in Xianfeng Dynasty. Official kilns mostly adopt the "Qing Xian Feng Year System", with two or three lines of six characters. Reduced the number of seal script. In addition to the blue and white models, there are also red models and engraved models. Seal script is very popular in folk kilns, and it affects future generations. Tongzhi: official funds are mainly in regular script, mostly in the form of "Tongzhi Year System in Qing Dynasty" and "Tongzhi Year System". Write in blue and white, red or gold. Most folk kilns use red seal script. Guangxu: Official kilns use both regular script and seal script. Most of them use regular script, that is, six words, two lines or three lines, and there are also four words and two lines, and most of them are not framed. There are blue and white, gold, red, carved and other styles, which are basically consistent with previous dynasties. Folk kilns are sloppy. Xuan Tong: People misunderstand the official kiln model, such as blue and white, red ink model and so on. However, the six-character and two-line model of the "Qing Xuantong Year System" is mostly open and generally frameless. The folk kiln style is similar to that of the previous dynasty.