I. Introduction
At present, China's building energy efficiency index is not high enough, so it is more important and urgent to transform existing buildings. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the externalities of energy-saving renovation of existing buildings in this paper.
Second, the analysis of the construction characteristics of energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings
1, the construction environment is complex.
(1) Energy-saving renovation of buildings will bring more impact on the life, work and social activities of residents in buildings and surrounding areas.
Serious interference and inconvenience, as well as some special construction techniques may also threaten the safety of residents.
(2) The available space around the building is small, so it is impossible to provide a large material storage site around the rebuilt building, which causes difficulties and constraints to the construction of vertical transportation tools such as scaffolding and hanging fences.
(3) Except for the construction site, other non-reconstructed parts shall be protected to prevent damage and pollution.
2. Decentralized family architecture
Indoor decentralized construction is limited by indoor construction conditions, so it is impossible to use large construction machines and tools, and the use of equipment is limited by conditions, which reduces construction efficiency; Due to decentralized construction, the actual quality control is more difficult. In the process of household construction, there will be problems of household cooperation. According to the experience of Tangshan demonstration building, it is necessary to do mass work well in advance and put the interests of the masses first, so that residents can cooperate well.
Third, the externality of energy-saving renovation of existing buildings.
1, a concrete overview of externalities in energy-saving renovation of existing buildings.
For the northern region, the energy-saving transformation of existing buildings mainly includes the transformation of heat source heating pipe network, building envelope and indoor heating system. Externality mentioned in the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings in heating areas refers to specific actions taken by heating enterprises, energy-saving service companies, property rights units, residents and other departments or units and individuals to reduce energy consumption and improve heating quality and efficiency. From these actions, we can provide more favorable conditions for the country's energy utilization, environmental protection and energy conservation, bring more benefits to society and provide possibilities for sustainable development.
2. Externality types of energy-saving renovation of existing buildings
(A) according to the classification of externalities
Firstly, according to the classification of attributes, externalities can be divided into "energy saving externalities" and "emission reduction externalities". "Energy-saving externality" mainly affects some benefits, such as coal, natural gas and electricity, which reduces consumption and then benefits. "Externality of emission reduction" refers to reducing the energy consumption of coal, natural gas and electric energy, reducing the pollution caused by energy use, and making society have external benefits of emission reduction.
(b) Classification according to the benefits of externalities.
If analyzed according to the content of benefits, the externalities of existing buildings include environmental externalities, economic externalities and social externalities. Among them, the connotation of environmental externalities refers to the benefits of reducing energy consumption through various effective measures, so as to protect the environment from pollution. The connotation of economic externalities means that reducing energy consumption through effective measures can reduce social pollutants, reduce the cost of social pollution control and improve social benefits. The main connotation of social externalities is to reduce pollution and emissions, protect the environment and save resources by reducing the use and consumption of various energy sources, and to provide social benefits for people to continuously optimize their living environment, thus improving people's quality of life and improving their living environment.
(c) Time span according to externalities.
After the transformation of externalities, the benefits can not only affect the current people, but also affect future generations, so that externalities can be classified in time. For example, if I can save energy and reduce emissions next year, our quality of life will be improved, our energy will be used for a long time, and our air will become cleaner, which will not only benefit our generation, but also benefit our future generations. Therefore, there are externalities in building energy-saving renovation, which can be divided into two categories: "intra-generational externalities" and "intergenerational externalities".
Fourthly, the choice and application of incentive policies in external transformation.
1, improve energy conservation laws and regulations, and improve administrative support for building energy conservation. The laws and regulations on building energy efficiency should clearly point out the support and encouragement for the energy-saving transformation of existing buildings, set phased and long-term goals, and most importantly, with the development of energy-saving work, we should constantly revise and improve the energy-saving design standards; Under the building energy-saving management institutions of governments at all levels, there should be special units to manage the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, provide administrative support for the energy-saving renovation, make the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings necessary for economic development, and get sufficient financial support. As a special plan, it should help establish an energy consumption evaluation system, a reasonable renovation method and an evaluation mechanism for the effect after the renovation, and promote the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings in a planned and step-by-step manner.
2. Increase economic incentives. First of all, it is necessary to increase the financial budget for energy-saving renovation of existing buildings and establish a building energy-saving fund. While emphasizing the energy-saving renovation of new buildings and the application of renewable energy, we can't ignore the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings. For heating building areas, it is necessary to increase economic incentives for heating enterprises and energy-saving transformation service companies. In terms of taxation, tax exemption, tax reduction, deferred tax payment, reinvestment tax rebate, tax deduction, investment credit, accelerated depreciation and so on can be implemented. Encourage heating areas to transform urban heat pipe network and heat source system, building envelope and indoor heat energy system, speed up the reform of heating system and heat price formation mechanism, and realize that residents do not charge heat fees according to the construction area, but whoever uses more heat pays, and energy-saving benefits are their own vital interests, which can encourage residents to establish energy-saving awareness and promote energy-saving transformation of existing buildings; In terms of preferential loans, the government can give a discount of 3% ~ 5% of the loan amount to the reformed property units or owners, and the discount period is 1 ~ 2 years.
3. Diversified financing and flexible financing. The government's incentive measures for energy-saving renovation of existing buildings should not only give them fish, but also emphasize giving them fish, that is, how to give full play to the initiative of the renovation subject, innovate the incentive mechanism, innovate the financial products for energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, and effectively broaden the investment and financing channels for energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, which is also an important aspect of incentive policies. The author thinks that we can make full use of the functions of industrial investment funds for investment and financing. Industrial investment funds are just emerging in China, and the government should give reasonable guidance and try to use them in the field of building energy conservation. Taking industrial investment funds as leverage can incite a large number of private funds to invest in energy-saving renovation of existing buildings and effectively alleviate the huge financial pressure.
Five, the implementation of existing building energy-saving renovation plan
Energy-saving renovation of existing buildings is a social and public-oriented project. In the process of transformation, not only the government's incentive measures and the transformation technology of the construction unit are needed, but also the support of the masses for the transformation plan. Whether people support the transformation scheme is an important prerequisite for the smooth progress of energy-saving transformation. The transformation plan is concrete, but the evaluation of the transformation plan by the masses is emotional. It is very important to collect the opinions of the masses on the transformation plan and modify the plan according to these opinions. The following principles should be followed when designing the questionnaire:
1. The design of the questionnaire should include the understanding of energy-saving transformation of existing buildings. The reliability of a questionnaire about renovation scheme is first related to the respondents' understanding of energy-saving renovation of existing buildings. If the interviewee has a deep understanding of building energy efficiency, his suggestions must be paid more attention and attention when sorting out the questionnaire results.
2. The design of alternative answers to the questionnaire should be specifically divided to reflect the opinions of the respondents to the greatest extent. For example, when asked about the public's acceptance of a decoration project, we can not only prepare a simple "acceptable or unacceptable" option, but also specify the acceptable decoration cost range of the project.
3. The design of the questionnaire should try to avoid the emotional reaction of the respondents. Respondents should not be allowed to answer questions only on their own perceptual knowledge of the scheme, and the answers to the questionnaire should be objective when designing. The desired survey results need to be obtained through the analysis of the questionnaire, rather than directly given by the respondents' perceptual knowledge. Respondents' rational and objective answers are not only conducive to the comprehensive collation and statistics of survey results, but also to the accuracy of analysis results.
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