Not long ago, entrusted by the Science and Technology Standards Department of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Consulting and Research Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources undertook the project "Suggestions on Establishing and Perfecting China's Ecological Environmental Protection Policy". The project team went to Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces successively, focusing on the field research on the ecological environment protection and management of Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi Province and Qingfeng Quarry in Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province. Guided by Scientific Outlook on Development, the project team made a comprehensive analysis of the main problems existing in China's resource development and ecological environment protection, tried to provide policy basis from the aspects of system, mechanism, laws and regulations, management and supervision, and put forward some policy suggestions that are in line with objective reality and have strong operability. The essence of the research report is now selected for readers to learn and communicate.
First, the status quo: the dual effects of mineral resources development in China
Mining development has provided a lot of material resources for China's economic and social development, played a huge role in promoting economic and social development and produced huge economic benefits. At the same time, it has also caused negative effects on the ecological environment to varying degrees, and the development of mineral resources has produced double effects: First, the development of mineral resources has played a positive role in China's economic growth, wealth accumulation and employment expansion, and made great contributions to the prosperity and stability of the country's economy and society. Second, the exploitation of mineral resources also causes ecological and environmental problems, which often brings adverse effects such as environmental pollution, ecological destruction and geological disasters.
(1) The development of mineral resources brings economic and social prosperity and stability.
As means of production, mineral resources are an integral part of productive forces and an important material basis for their development. The development of mineral resources has played an important role in promoting economic and social development, promoting wealth accumulation and increasing employment.
In the 2 1 century, driven by domestic demand and global mining market, China mining industry has achieved sustained and rapid development. From 2005 to 2007, the output value of China's mining industry accounted for110 of the national industrial added value, total industrial output value and GDP, and the mining industry has become an important pillar of China's national economy. Today, with the globalization of resources, the possession, development and competition of resources have become an important content in handling international relations. At present, the global economic crisis has seriously impacted the mining market, and the prices of mineral products have fallen sharply. However, in the stage of industrialization and urbanization, the long-term dependence of economic and social development on mineral resources will not change. The "opportunity" in the "crisis" is to adjust the structure, lay a solid foundation, straighten out the relationship and be ready to go.
(B) the adverse impact of mineral resources development on the ecological environment
The negative effects of mineral resources development mainly cause eco-environmental problems, which are mainly reflected in environmental pollution, ecological destruction and geological disasters.
First of all, the waste gas, dust and waste residue directly discharged by mines and their metallurgical departments pollute the air, resulting in acid rain, especially in the sulfur industry and coal industry. The pollutants are mostly smoke, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and radioactive substances, as well as harmful substances such as mercury, arsenic and cadmium. Secondly, the wastewater produced by mining activities in China mainly includes mine water, mineral processing and smelting wastewater and tailings pond water. A lot of wastewater is discharged at will or even discharged directly into the surface water body without meeting the standard, which pollutes the soil or surface water body. Among them, the wastewater from coal mines, metal mines and non-metal mines is mainly acidic, containing a large number of toxic and harmful elements such as heavy metals, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, mercury, cyanide and suspended solids. Secondly, the residual mineral processing reagents in mine tailings, especially flotation tailings, include chloride, cyanide, sulfide, pine oil, organic flocculant and surfactant. Under the action and interaction of sunlight, rain and air, harmful gas, liquid or acidic water will be produced, which will aggravate the loss of heavy metals and seriously pollute groundwater and soil. In addition, the storage of mine waste rock and waste residue also occupies a lot of land resources. According to relevant data, the storage situation of solid waste in China's mining and related industries is quite severe, accounting for more than 85% of the total solid waste.
The damage of mine development to water resources is mainly manifested in the depletion of underground water sources or the reduction of flow. Drainage and the discharge of waste water and waste residue lead to the imbalance of surface water and groundwater system, resulting in a large area of drainage funnel, spring water drying up, water resources drying up, river cut off, land subsidence, groundwater funnel falling, land subsidence, affecting the ecological environment of the mining area. Large-scale mining activities often greatly change the terrain and destroy the original landform. Mining not only occupies land, but also destroys cultivated land, forests and grasslands. According to incomplete statistics, China's mining occupies about 5.86 million hectares, destroying 6.5438+0.57 million hectares, and increasing at an annual rate of 40,000 hectares. The damaged area of woodland is 6.5438+0.66 million hectares, and that of grassland is 263,000 hectares. The reclamation rate of industrial and mining wasteland is less than 654.38 0.2%.
In addition, improper exploitation of mineral resources will also induce geological disasters such as roof caving, surface collapse and cracks, landslides and mudslides. Roof caving is the caving and collapse of roof and slope rocks in underground mining space, and it is the most direct geological disaster in mining. According to statistics, the number of deaths caused by roof caving and spalling in underground mining of nonferrous metals in China accounts for 18% of the total number of deaths in mine accidents. Mining activities have caused a large area of surface subsidence, and at the same time, cracks with different heights and depths have appeared on the surface. In recent ten years, the surface subsidence of metal mines has shown a sharp upward trend. Landslides caused by mining often occur in many mines in China, and debris flows may also be induced by waste rock accumulation and tailings ponds. According to the survey, there are more than 9,000 tailings ponds in China, more than half of which have no safety licenses, and most of them are sick reservoirs, dangerous reservoirs and dangerous reservoirs.
Second, review: the course of mine ecological environment protection and management in China.
Since 1970s, the protection and management of mine ecological environment in China has experienced three stages of development.
Early mine ecological environment protection and management system (1972 ~ 1984). During this period, due to the increasingly prominent environmental problems and the outbreak of major environmental problems, China began to correct the behaviors that caused harm to the environment in the process of resource development and began to control major mine ecological environmental problems. With the revision and improvement of China's constitution, China's ecological environment protection work has begun to enter the stage of orderly development according to law. At the same time, the corresponding environmental protection management institutions have been established and begun to take shape, ensuring the effective implementation of various environmental protection and governance systems.
From 65438 to 0982, the government of China successively promulgated a series of laws and regulations on environmental protection and governance, emphasizing the importance of ecological environmental protection. However, the system and legal system construction of mine ecological environment have not attracted the attention of the whole society, and the protection and governance of mine ecological environment are still in a disorderly state. Although some large state-owned mines have begun to protect and control the mine environment, most mines have not taken effective measures to protect and control the mine environment. In 1960s and 1970s, some mines began to reclaim land, but the reclamation rate was extremely low. In 1970s, the recovery rate of nonferrous metal mines in China was only 12%.
Mine ecological environment control in low valley period (1985 ~ 1989). The earliest practice of mine ecological environment control in China began with 1983. At that time, 0.3 yuan was levied per ton of ore, which was used to restore the ecological environment damage such as vegetation in the mining area and achieved good results. However, since 1985, influenced by the idea of "big mines open, small mines open, the water is fast, and the state, collectives and individuals join hands", the control and management of township collective mining enterprises and individual mining activities have been relaxed, and a chaotic situation has emerged. In some places, indiscriminate mining and excavation are carried out, and no corresponding measures for mine ecological environment protection are taken at all. Backward mining technology and low efficiency of development and utilization have caused serious damage to the ecological environment of mines in China, and the restoration and management of the ecological environment are stagnant and difficult. Statistics show that in the 1980s, the treatment rate of mine waste gas in China was only 12.24%, and the recycling rate of industrial wastewater from nonferrous metal mines was 58%, so the land reclamation rate was stagnant. Some small and medium-sized mines have caused serious damage to the ecological environment.
The period of orderly development of mine ecological environment protection and management (1990 to present). At this time, China's corresponding mine ecological environment governance institutions have been gradually established, and the state and relevant government departments have formulated and promulgated a series of laws, regulations, standards and related policies and measures for environmental protection, which has made the mine ecological environment protection and governance gradually step into the legal track and show an orderly development trend. The former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources established the Geological Environment Department, which is responsible for the government functions of mine ecological environment protection and management. Geological environment departments and geological environment monitoring centers (stations) have also been established in various places, gradually improving the organizational construction of mine ecological environment protection and governance.
From 2002 to 2005, the Ministry of Land and Resources organized and completed the national survey and evaluation of mine geological environment, and issued the Notice on Formulating Provincial Mine Environmental Protection and Management Plan. In addition, the Ministry of Land and Resources and the competent departments of various industries have formulated a series of systems, policies and measures for the protection and management of mine ecological environment, and some local laws and regulations also involve the protection of mine ecological environment. In practice, the Ministry of Land and Resources strictly restricts the development of mineral resources that have a significant impact on the ecological environment, prohibits mining minerals in nature reserves, important scenic spots, important geological relics protection areas and geological disaster danger areas, prohibits indigenous coking, sulfur smelting and ironmaking, and strengthens the supervision and investigation of mine "three wastes" treatment. In this way, the unhealthy trend of mining destroying resources and environment has been corrected to a great extent, and the normal order of mine production has been maintained.
The Regulations on Mine Geological Environment Protection issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources in 2009 is an important measure for the construction of laws and regulations on mine ecological environment protection and governance, which will play an important role in ensuring and promoting mine ecological environment protection and governance.
III. Case: Typical analysis of mine ecological environment protection and management
The project team selected Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi Province and Qingfeng Quarry in Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province for field investigation and analysis of mine ecological environment protection and management. Firstly, the ecological environment protection and management of typical mines in Dexing Copper Mine were investigated, the influence of Dexing copper mine resources development on the ecological environment around the mining area was analyzed, and the successful experience of Dexing Copper Mine Group in establishing green ecological mines was summarized. Secondly, Zhejiang Province was investigated. Zhejiang Province not only plays a leading role in promoting China to build a well-off society in an all-round way, but also plays an active demonstration role in the protection and governance of mine ecological environment. By constantly innovating the governance model and formulating effective policies and measures, the mine ecological environment protection and governance has achieved good governance results. After several years of ecological environment management, Qingfeng quarry in Zhoushan City has achieved a double harvest of fundamental improvement of mine ecological environment and intensive land use.
(A) Jiangxi Dexing Copper Mine ecological environment protection and management
Jiangxi Dexing Copper Mine is one of the five largest porphyry copper mines in the world, the largest copper mine in Asia, the largest open-pit mining site in China, and an important non-ferrous metal industrial production base in China. Dexing copper mine attaches great importance to the protection and management of ecological environment while exploiting mineral resources on a large scale, and has achieved remarkable results. Known as a famous green mine in China, it has been identified as one of the pilot units for ecological environment monitoring in Jiangxi Province.
The large-scale exploitation of mineral resources in Dexing Copper Mine has had a great impact on the mine and its surrounding ecological environment, mainly in the following aspects: First, acidic wastewater has caused serious pollution to the land on the Dawu River and its banks, the water quality is brown, fish and shrimp are extinct, and plant production is reduced. Second, the solid waste in the stope occupies a lot of land resources, and the forest vegetation decreases, forming a number of exposed areas of gangue, which changes the landform, water system and microclimate characteristics of these areas, produces the heat island effect and breaks the original ecological environment pattern of the mine.
In recent years, Dexing has intensified the restoration and treatment of mine ecological environment from the aspects of land reclamation and ecological restoration, and acid wastewater treatment. Since the early 1980s, Jiangtong Group has been conducting experimental research on ecological reclamation. After more than 20 years' efforts, nearly 90 hectares of sandy land in Dexing Copper Mine 1 tailings pond has been covered with vegetation, and a nursery base has been established on the dam body to purify the pond and develop aquaculture, basically achieving the purpose of ecological restoration. Since 1990s, Dexing Copper Mine has carried out ecological restoration experiments in open-pit mines and waste rock slopes, and established a demonstration base for ecological restoration of vegetation. Up to now, Dexing Copper Mine has completed the ecological reclamation project of Shuilongshan waste rock field, the greening project of mechanical section of copper mine field project, the greening project of Nanshan heap leaching plant, the greening project of original ore section of Dashan factory, the greening project of Fujiawu mine field and the greening project of Fujiawu connecting road. After more than 20 years' efforts, the green area of Dexing Copper Mine is 1 108300 square meters, with a green rate of 96.80% and a green coverage rate of 30.28%. The per capita green area of employees is 897 square meters.
Dawu River soaked by acid wastewater has always been the focus of attention of Jiangtong Group. 200 1 introduce advanced HDS technology from Canada to treat acidic wastewater through internet bidding. The acidic wastewater is divided into three parts, and13 is used for spraying and leaching copper in the waste dump, and the metal copper 1500 tons is recovered every year; 1/3 alkaline water discharged into tailings pond and reservoir, and then returned to concentrator as production water; 1/3 is introduced into the wastewater treatment station and discharged into Dawu River. The discharged water quality basically meets the standard of surface water, which greatly improves the water environment of Dawu River.
The experiences of mine ecological environment restoration and management in Dexing Copper Mine mainly include: changing ideas, unifying understanding, focusing on * * * management, focusing on me, not relying on others; Adhere to the system of "environmental impact assessment", "three simultaneities" and "performance bond for mine ecological environment protection and reclamation" to ensure the synchronous design, construction and completion of mine construction projects and environmental protection projects; At the same time, a complete set of mine ecological environment protection and management mechanism has been established, taking the road of intensive scale production, expanding the scale of operation and economic strength through the merger of mining enterprises, shareholding system reform and listing financing, so that the company can gradually increase investment in environmental protection and fundamentally put an end to indiscriminate mining, indiscriminate digging, stealing mining and destroying the environment. In addition, Dexing also consciously accepts the supervision of the central and local governments, actively coordinates the relationship with the residents in the mining area, and participates in the activities of building a green home.
(2) Greening Project of Ecological Environment Control in Qingfeng Quarry, Zhejiang Province
Zhejiang province is a relatively developed area in the east of China, and it plays a leading role in promoting the comprehensive construction of a well-off society in China. At the same time, Zhejiang Province has vigorously implemented the "Thousand Mines Renovation Demonstration" project and the plan of mining while renovating, and strived to improve the natural ecological environment of mining areas through the measures and methods of combining mining area renovation with landscape reconstruction, mining area renovation with ecological public welfare forest construction, and mining area renovation with construction land reclamation. In 2008, the Interim Measures for the Establishment and Management of Provincial Green Mines in Zhejiang Province was promulgated, which implemented the management mode of hierarchical management and step-by-step declaration, and used economic means to reduce the damage to the ecological environment and waste of resources to ensure that the mine ecological environment met the requirements for the establishment of green mines. The development of mineral resources has gradually embarked on the scientific development path of intensive utilization of resources, scientific mining technology, environmental protection of production technology, standardized enterprise management and ecological closed pit mining area. The management of abandoned mines is based on the idea of "combining soil with ocean, with soil as the main factor", and various restoration and greening methods are adopted respectively, such as step type, plate trough type, backfill planting type, hole-making mixed spraying type, artificial promotion of natural greening type, leveling and comprehensive utilization type, peripheral greening type, climbing vine type, big tree sheltering type, hanging net guest spraying type and so on. , and achieved good governance results.
Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province is located in the southeast coast of China. Actively carry out the creation of "green mines", take "ecological Zhoushan" and "green Zhoushan" as strategic objectives, implement fine management of mine ecological environment, and realize the transformation of mine environmental management from pure pursuit of quantity management to quality management. The ecological environment restoration project of Qingfeng quarry, a "hundred mines demonstration" project in Zhoushan City, is an example. Qingfeng quarry is located at the west foot of Huolonggang Mountain in the southeast of Dinghai City. Since 1950s, mining has never stopped, forming an artificial steep slope with a width of more than 300 meters, a slope edge circumference of about 700 meters and a working face of 1.4 meters. With the continuous expansion of urban area, the area around the quarry has been developed into residential land and some military land, and mining seriously threatens the safety of residents near the slope. At the same time, due to the large scale of the quarry, its bare mountain can be seen in most parts of the city, which seriously affects the urban landscape. In order to speed up the pace of eco-city construction, in August of 20001year, Zhoushan municipal government decided to close Qingfeng quarry and comprehensively treat the geological environment of the closed quarry. The whole project adopts the optimized design scheme of sweeping stone wall+blasting slope cutting+stone slag backfilling+ecological greening and the bidding method of greening construction. In order to reduce the cost of greening projects, some mine greening tasks are "bundled" and handed over to development enterprises for completion within a time limit to solve the early stage of mine land development. Because the construction method of restoration and greening was chosen according to local conditions, the hidden dangers of collapse and landslide left around the quarry were obviously reduced, the natural ecology of the mine was basically restored, and the living and production environment of the people in the mining area and surrounding areas was improved. In May 2008, it passed the completion acceptance of the mine ecological environment restoration project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Land and Resources. After the improvement of ecological environment, the total green coverage rate of the mine is over 95.9%, including 30% woody plants and 70% herbaceous plants. The total greening area of mine ecological environment is 70,655 square meters, and the construction land is 39,600 square meters, which has achieved a double harvest of fundamental improvement of mine ecological environment and intensive land use.
Fourth, the problem: the system and mechanism need to be improved, and the laws and regulations need to be improved.
Although China's mine environmental problems have attracted attention from all walks of life, due to the lack of environmental property rights system, cost-free development, unreasonable distribution of benefits and other reasons, the protection and governance of mine ecological environment is relatively backward. Generally speaking, the main problems faced by mine environmental protection and governance at present are:
(1) Lack of understanding, emphasizing development and neglecting environmental protection. The concept of attaching importance to economic development while ignoring environmental protection has not fundamentally changed. It is better to sacrifice the environment and maintain GDP growth.
(2) The environmental property right system has not been established. In practice, due to various complicated relationships, the ownership and property rights of the ecological environment are often vague; Some enterprises fail to undertake the rights and obligations of environmental protection. It is an urgent problem to define environmental property rights reasonably, explore the structure and management system of environmental property rights of resources, and effectively protect, develop and utilize resources.
(3) Without the development of environmental costs, the resource price mechanism has not been straightened out. At present, the value of resources does not reflect the scarcity of resources, nor does it include environmental and ecological costs, and the formation mechanism of resource prices is not straightened out. The insufficient development cost of mineral products is one of the reasons why mining enterprises, especially private mines, have inflated profits or even made huge profits, and it is also the main reason why the ecological environment of mines cannot be fundamentally controlled.
(4) The distribution of benefits is unreasonable. Because the missing part of the environmental cost of mineral products is squeezed into the mining profit, it will inevitably lead to the unreasonable distribution of various production factors and interests. Both the government and mining enterprises have benefited, but the local people have not benefited, but have become victims because of the destruction of the ecological environment. The subjects who benefit and suffer are asymmetrical in time and space.
(5) The way of resource development is unreasonable. At present, there are three main development modes: only mining mineral resources without treating the environment; Mining first, then treatment; Harness when mining. The first two resource development modes are not desirable. Coordinated development of mining economy and environmental protection is the only correct way for sustainable development of mines.
(6) The technical standards for mine ecological environment restoration, management and evaluation have not been fully established. The existing evaluation standards are far from meeting the requirements of mine evaluation, and because the standards are not uniform or there is no implementation standard at all, it leaves a lot of room for some enterprises to have poor governance environment.
(7) Insufficient investment in environmental governance and backward technical means of governance. China has set up a special fund for mine ecological environment management, which is used for mine environmental restoration and management. However, due to the high cost of governance, large funding gap, low governance rate and relatively backward technology, the restoration and governance of mine ecological environment has a long way to go.
(8) The management system is not perfect. Due to unclear responsibilities, uncoordinated division of labor, scattered responsibilities and different standards, all relevant departments have formulated and implemented various standards according to their respective responsibilities, which failed to fully and effectively coordinate, resulting in the difficulty in putting the mine ecological environment control project in place.
(9) The supervision mechanism is not perfect. There is no special supervision and law enforcement agency for mine ecological environment, and multi-department irregular joint law enforcement is basically adopted, lacking the subject of supervision responsibility, which makes mine ecological environment a supervision vacuum.
(10) The environmental protection laws and regulations system is incomplete. At present, China has not formulated specific legal basis and management norms. In view of the complexity of mine ecological environment, it is not enough for some industry departments and local governments to formulate and issue some legal documents and policy measures for mine ecological environment protection and governance.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) suggests: strengthen macro-control and make good use of the lever of economic adjustment.
Through theoretical analysis, investigation and typical case analysis, this paper puts forward policy suggestions on mine environmental protection and governance from eight aspects, which are only for the reference of decision-making departments in formulating mine ecological environment policies and environmental protection plans.
(A) straighten out the relationship between resource development and environmental protection
In accordance with the requirements of the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we should "adhere to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment", "build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society", "people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development", implement Scientific Outlook on Development, and integrate the harmony between man and nature into the goal of sustainable economic and social development. The key to solve the problem of mine ecological environment in China is to unify the understanding of the importance of mineral resources development and mine ecological environment protection to Scientific Outlook on Development. Strengthen the publicity and education of mine ecological environment protection, enhance people's awareness of environmental protection, and straighten out the relationship between resource development and environmental protection.
(2) Give play to the basic role of government macro-control and market allocation of resources.
The basic focus of government macro-control is to promote the balanced and coordinated development of resource development and environmental protection, which not only promotes economic development through resource development, but also protects the ecological environment. Relevant government departments should establish a monitoring and early warning mechanism for resources and environmental security, monitor the operation and development of the target at any time, and take corresponding control measures according to the alarm information and response system. Only by realizing the intensive scale development of mines through market regulation, encouraging large enterprises with strong economic strength and advanced technology and equipment, and merging (purchasing) small and medium-sized enterprises with backward technology and equipment without environmental protection conditions to form scale operation, can we rationally allocate resources, put an end to the chaotic phenomenon of indiscriminate mining and excavation, destroy the ecological environment, maintain normal production order and protect the ecological environment of mines from the source.
(C) the establishment of environmental property rights system and ecological environment compensation mechanism
Ambiguous environmental property rights and the lack of property rights subject are one of the factors that affect the protection and governance of mine ecological environment. In order to arouse the enthusiasm of the whole society for ecological environmental protection, it is suggested that environmental resources should be regarded as environmental assets and gradually incorporated into asset management. The construction of ecological environment compensation mechanism should first make an objective evaluation of the effectiveness of ecological compensation policy and the distribution of interests between the subject and object of ecological compensation on the premise of strategic environmental evaluation. The second is to clarify the standards and principles of ecological compensation, compensation scope, compensation objects, compensation methods, compensation fund sources and compensation fund management. The third is to integrate and improve the existing fees, and the ecological environment compensation fee should be earmarked to avoid repeated charges.
(4) Improve the tax system for resources and environment and optimize the distribution of benefits.
(1) Implement resource tax reform and improve the distribution mechanism. The resource tax shall be levied by the state on the difference income generated by the mining right holder in mining mineral resources. This differential income varies with different resource endowments and mining conditions, so the tax rate is also different. Different tax rates should be calculated according to different resource types and different mining conditions. Enterprises that exploit high-quality scarce resources pay more taxes, while enterprises that exploit inferior resources pay less taxes, so as to achieve a balance of interests, establish a fair mechanism for tax adjustment and realize the optimal allocation of resources. At the same time, improve the income distribution mechanism, turn over part of resource tax revenue to the central government, strengthen the state's regulation and control of resource development, and prevent local governments from taking short-term actions for their own interests, overexploiting mineral resources, and aggravating ecological environment damage.
(2) Gradually realize the legislation of resources and environmental taxes and fees. We will gradually improve mineral resources compensation fees and ecological environment compensation fees into resource and environmental taxes, clarify various taxes in legal form, improve the awareness of resource and ecological environment safety protection of mining enterprises, and establish a long-term mechanism for resource and environmental management.
(3) Implement preferential policies for mine ecological environment protection. Enterprises that implement the "three simultaneities" system of design, construction and investment in mine construction and mine ecological environment protection engineering facilities and enterprises that recycle three wastes shall be given preferential financial policies, appropriately reduce the tax rate of resources and environment, lower the threshold of credit investment and increase investment.
(five) the establishment of inter-basin (provincial and municipal) interest balance and compensation mechanism.
The interest balance and compensation mechanism mainly means that the beneficiary can compensate the injured party through the transfer payment of special financial funds. The injured party needs to obtain compensation for economic losses in areas where the exploitation of mineral resources is prohibited or restricted, economic compensation for ecological and environmental protection projects and compensation for other resource output. Beneficiaries will allocate the above compensation funds according to the proportion of regions, and compensate the economic development opportunities of the injured parties in the restricted development areas and the prohibited development areas through financial transfer payments.
The evaluation, management and coordination of trans-regional and inter-basin financial transfer payments need the responsibility of specialized agencies. It is suggested that the Ministry of Land and Resources coordinate with the Ministry of Environmental Protection to conduct pilot projects first and then fully promote them.
(six) the establishment of mine ecological environment quality evaluation system and standard system, ecological environment safety early warning system.
The evaluation system and standard system of mine ecological environment quality are related to the limitations of different industries and departments, but the evaluation system of mine ecological environment quality has not been fully established. Therefore, the establishment of evaluation system standard is the key to the evaluation system of mine ecological environment quality. At the same time, it is necessary to establish and improve the early warning system of ecological environment safety, and strengthen the early warning and prediction of mine ecological environment pollution and geological disasters.
(seven) improve the mine ecological environment supervision system, strengthen team building.
First, it is necessary to establish and improve the supervision and law enforcement system of mine ecological environment and clarify the main body of responsibility. It is suggested that the management mode of decentralized law enforcement should be adopted, supplemented by joint law enforcement. The second is to clarify the government's responsibility for the management and protection of mine ecological environment. Improve the government responsibility system, correctly perform government functions, enhance the ability to serve the public, and strive to build a service-oriented government. The third is to strengthen the construction of grass-roots teams, implement the supervision system of mine ecological environment, and improve the quality and level of supervision of mine ecological environment restoration and management.
(eight) to speed up the construction of laws and regulations on mine ecological environment protection.
At present, it is necessary to establish and improve laws and regulations on mine ecological environment as soon as possible, and it is urgent to formulate a unified legal document for all industries and departments to abide by and implement mine ecological environment protection and governance, transfer of ownership and property rights, mine environmental restoration and governance, and tailings recycling. At the same time, relevant laws and regulations are formulated to make the property rights, protection objectives, recovery standards and regulatory responsibilities of mine ecological environment more clear, the fund management more refined, and the environmental monitoring and early warning system more sound.
(Originally published in China Land and Resources on July 3, 2009, the author is the project leader of "Suggestions on Establishing and Perfecting China's Ecological Environment Protection Policy", and the members of the research group are Zhang Guangdi and Zhang Xing)