Every country has its own unique historical and cultural traditions, population structure and different stages of economic and social development. The different national conditions determine the different social security models, and the implementation items, coverage, fund raising methods and treatment payment levels of social security in different countries are different.
Generally speaking, the social security system in today's world can be divided into three types; Welfare type, insurance type and compulsory savings type. Among them, the welfare social security system emphasizes the responsibility of the government, the insurance social security system highlights the responsibility of the government, enterprises and individuals, and the compulsory savings social security system emphasizes the responsibility of individuals.
1, welfare social security system. The welfare social security system represented by Britain and Sweden is more common in northern and western European countries. Its basic characteristics are: universal protection; Social security covers almost everything from birth to death; Social security funds mainly come from national general taxes; Implement a broad and generous public subsidy system, and subsidies have nothing to do with personal income and payment; The economic burden is heavy.
2. Insurance social security system. Germany, the United States, Japan and many other developed countries have established social security systems based on insurance. The basic characteristics of this model are: rights correspond to obligations; Social security costs are shared by the government, enterprises and workers, and individual and enterprise contributions are the main sources of social insurance funds; To ensure the basic standard of living as the principle; The standard of treatment and payment is related to the personal income and payment of workers; Emphasis should be placed on both fairness and efficiency, so as to ensure that every citizen can enjoy certain social security benefits without affecting the vitality of market competition. China has adopted this type of social security.
3. Compulsory social security system for savings. The compulsory savings social security system is represented by Singapore and Chile, and its basic characteristics are: establishing personal accounts, and all contributions made by employers and employees are included in employees' personal accounts; Personal account funds are put into capital market operation to maintain and increase value; The pension benefits of employees after retirement depend entirely on the accumulated amount of their personal accounts.