Over the past 40 years, the economy of Taiwan Province Province has experienced various stages, such as recovery, import substitution, take-off, adjustment and industrial upgrading. By 1989, the per capita GDP increased from 1953 to 167 to 757 1 US. The per capita income increased from tens of dollars to 75 18 dollars; Import and export increased from10.90 billion dollars and10.30 billion dollars in 1953 to 54.8 billion dollars and 67.7 billion dollars respectively, ranking 13 in the world. By 1989, Taiwan Province's foreign exchange reserves were $72 billion. In the past forty years, the economy of Taiwan Province Province has experienced several twists and turns, but during the thirty years from 1953 to 1989, the average annual growth rate reached 8.9% (calculated by the actual gross growth rate). It should be said that the economic growth rate of Taiwan Province Province is not slow. Then, how can the economy of Taiwan Province Province develop so well? What is the secret of Taiwan Province's economic "take-off"? Have a certain industrial base. From 1895 to 1945, the Japanese operated in Taiwan Province for half a century. In the past 50 years, in order to plunder the island wealth, Japan has also built some industrial infrastructure on the basis of squeezing and exploiting the people. By the eve of Japanese surrender, Taiwan Province Province had formed a good transportation network, and had a considerable foundation in electric power industry, food processing industry, port construction, farmland water conservancy construction, and universal education. At that time, the traffic in Taiwan Province Province was relatively developed. 1945 When Taiwan Province returned to the motherland, the total length of railways on the island was 12047 km, including 90 13 km for public railways and 296 1 km for private railways. The total length of the highway is 5599.9 kilometers, including 769.2 kilometers of public trunk lines and 4830.7 kilometers of private dedicated lines. In terms of shipping, there are ports in Taiwan Province Province, such as Keelung, Kaohsiung, Hualien and Suao, and the newly-built Taichung Port has reached 60% in 1944. As early as 1939, the cargo throughput of Keelung Port has reached 4.5 million tons and 300,000 passengers. 1945, the monthly throughput of Kaohsiung Port reached 200,000 tons. More developed transportation is one of the conditions for industrial development. 1945 After the recovery of Taiwan, the Kuomintang confiscated all Japanese enterprises and banks in Taiwan Province. According to incomplete statistics, the Kuomintang * * * took over 496 industrial and mining enterprises. In addition, the Kuomintang also received 38.75 million yuan of coal mines, 35,560 yarn-exploding textiles, steel industry and sugar industry with an annual output of 5,200 tons. In agriculture, agriculture in Taiwan Province Province is more developed than that in mainland China, and farmers generally use chemical fertilizers. 66.6% of the cultivated land in Taiwan Province Province was plundered by Japanese colonists as "commons"; Of the 33.4% private land, another 33.4% was allocated by the Japanese colonial authorities to Japanese immigrants. After the recovery of Taiwan, the Kuomintang confiscated all the "public" and "private" land occupied by the Japanese army, making 70% of the total cultivated land on the island in the hands of the Kuomintang, which was an important reason why the Kuomintang was able to carry out land reform smoothly. In a word, Japan's 50-year operation has laid a certain foundation for Taiwan Province's industry, and the Kuomintang has completely taken over all Japanese industrial and mining enterprises in Taiwan Province, creating certain conditions for the economic recovery and development of Taiwan Province Province. After Japan surrendered, the Kuomintang also sent personnel to Japan to dismantle a batch of industrial equipment and transport it back to Taiwan Province Province. When the Kuomintang retreated from the mainland, it shipped all its gold, silver and foreign exchange to Taiwan Province, moved some enterprises to Taiwan Province Province, and took away a large number of technicians. This is equivalent to putting the financial resources of the whole country into the construction of a province, so that the basic elements of its economic development far exceed the general level of the mainland. American aid-the pillar of Taiwan Province's economic recovery and initial development. From the early 1950s to the mid-1960s, American aid played a very important role in the economic recovery and development of Taiwan Province Province. American assistance to Taiwan Province Province can be divided into "economic assistance" and "technical assistance". "Economic assistance". From the second half of 1950, the United States resumed its assistance to the authorities of Taiwan Province Province. From 195 1 year to 1965, Taiwan Province Province received a total of1482 million dollars in aid. 1After American aid basically stopped on June 30th, 965, the United States also provided a batch of agricultural surplus products to Taiwan Province Province. 195 1 year1October, the "US-Taiwan Bilateral Security Appropriation Act" passed by the US Congress proposed that the purpose of assisting Taiwan Province is to "make Taiwan Province Province economically self-sufficient except for national defense affairs". Therefore, at the initial stage of the construction of Taiwan Province Province, all projects that require huge investment will be assisted by American loans. For example, in 1952- 1960, of the total power investment, "American aid" accounted for 67.7%, and Taiwanese investment accounted for 32.3%; In the manufacturing industry, "American aid" accounts for 24%, and Taiwan capital accounts for 47.2%; In terms of transportation, "American aid" accounts for 28. 1%, and Taiwanese capital accounts for 17.8%. From 195 1 year to 1963, "American aid" accounted for 75% of the total infrastructure investment in Taiwan Province province. In 1950s, the economy of Taiwan Province Province was dominated by agriculture, and most of its export commodities were traditional agricultural products. At the same time, a large number of daily necessities, industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment were imported, resulting in a trade deficit of 1953 to 1960 for eight years. "American aid" is the main filler of this deficit. In addition, "American aid" also made up for the financial deficit caused by the huge military expenditure in Taiwan Province Province. Yin Zhongrong, economic decision-maker of Taiwan Province provincial authorities, admitted: "From 195 1 year to 196 1 year, the average annual deficit reached105 million US dollars, and the average annual deficit made up by US aid was 90 million US dollars." "Comparing the situation in Taiwan Province Province with that in any country, don't forget that we receive about $ 1 billion in aid every year. Without the assistance of the United States, we could not have reached the present level by our own economic strength. In other words, our growth rate is not entirely generated by the growth forces within our economy. " Before 1965, the United States provided Taiwan Province with "economic assistance" and some "technical assistance". Its scope includes industrial and agricultural production, land reform, cultural exchange, education and health, rural improvement and so on. Most forms of assistance are to hire technical experts to work in Taiwan Province, or to send personnel from Taiwan Province to the United States for training. From 195 1 year to 196 1 year, Taiwan Province sent 2 129 students to the United States and other countries at a cost of about US$ 6 million. Of the total US aid, technical cooperation expenditure reached/kloc-0 1.4438 billion US dollars, accounting for 9.74% of the total US aid. 1964, Taiwan Province Province established the Sino-American Scientific Cooperation Committee, which received the financial assistance of the Sino-American Foundation 1 billion dollars, and established five research centers in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering and science. 1969, Taiwan Province and the United States signed the Sino-US Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement. According to this agreement, Taiwan Province and the United States have extensive cooperation in all recognized scientific and technological fields. Taiwan Province Province has obtained a great deal of scientific and technological development information and technical data through personnel exchanges, academic conferences and information exchange. With the help of the United States, Taiwan Province Province has also started basic research on atomic energy and electronic science. It should be pointed out that at that time, the United States adopted unrestricted technology transfer to Taiwan Province, which led to Taiwan Province Province's dependence on the United States. It not only promoted the economic development of Taiwan Province Province, but also caused a serious shortage of technical force in Taiwan Province Province. Finally, during the Vietnam War, Taiwan Province Province was a transshipment base for a large number of American military materials. 1000 kinds of American military materials were processed in Taiwan Province and directly supplied to the Vietnamese military. In this way, Taiwan Province Province can gain profits and learn a lot of technology. A favorable international environment After the end of World War II, capitalist countries and some economically backward countries and regions strengthened international cooperation in economic development. Restrictions on international exchange of goods, services and funds are decreasing. With the financial support from the United States and others, Taiwan Province Province has also joined this cooperation. International economic cooperation is the prerequisite for Taiwan Province's economy to go global. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the economic structure of some capitalist countries changed, and some developed countries, especially the United States and Japan, gradually turned into capital and technology-intensive industries due to technological progress and wage increase. Some backward countries and regions have a large number of cheap labor, and light industry needs less funds and quick turnover, so the original light industry production and technology in some advanced countries quickly turn to more backward countries and regions. This is the background of the rise of export processing industry in Taiwan Province Province. In this transformation, Japanese influence on Taiwan Province Province is particularly significant. After World War II, Japan's industrial structure turned to technology-intensive industries. The original export products, such as textiles, plywood, bicycles and other light industrial products, were gradually replaced by high-grade products, and the international market of light industrial products was gradually abandoned or forced to be replaced by Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong and later North Korea and South Korea. At the same time, industrial countries that have achieved industrial transformation still need a large number of secondary products of agriculture, by-products and light industry, while food processing and agricultural and sideline products in Taiwan Province Province have always been traditional export products. Coupled with the "political relationship" between the United States and Taiwan Province, the United States has become the largest trading partner of Taiwan Province Province, and the full opening of the American market to Taiwan Province Province has provided another opportunity for the economic development of Taiwan Province Province. Finally, in the 1960s, many new oil fields were discovered and exploited in the world, with abundant energy supply and low price, which is undoubtedly very beneficial to Taiwan Province Province, which is seriously short of energy. The international environment provides a good opportunity for the economic development of Taiwan Province Province. But whether we can make good use of this opportunity and create conditions for utilization mainly depends on subjective factors. It can be said that the Taiwan Province authorities and their decision makers have handled this relationship well. First of all, a series of policies adapted to the actual situation of Taiwan Province Province and the international economic situation have been formulated and adopted. Before the recovery of Taiwan Province Province, there was a considerable industrial base, and irrigation and water conservancy construction also had a certain scale. However, the economy of Taiwan Province Province is still dominated by agriculture. In order to get rid of the chaotic situation on the island, the authorities first grasped agriculture and carried out "land reform", thus stabilizing the whole society and gradually solving the biggest problem on the island-eating. The land reform in Taiwan Province Province is only a progress, which is far from complete, but on the other hand, it has reduced the huge social shock. In the process of land reform, part of the land price was consciously transferred to industry, which promoted the recovery and development of industry. 1952, the economy of Taiwan Province Province basically recovered and entered the initial stage of development. Under the guidance of the idea of "feeding workers with agriculture and replacing them with imports", the authorities of Taiwan Province Province have vigorously developed agriculture, providing a more solid foundation for industrial development. The authorities also use convenient transportation and sea transportation to import products needed by industry, restrict the import of agricultural products, and protect agriculture purposefully. The development of agriculture has effectively promoted the "import substitution" of industry. After the completion of the third four-year plan, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province immediately put forward the idea of "expanding exports" in the fourth four-year plan, based on the great opportunity of the smooth development of the island's industry and the international economic transformation, and made specific provisions in the plan, so that the economy of Taiwan Province Province can smoothly adapt to the international opportunities after the completion of the fourth plan, and use the cheap labor on the island to turn into "processing exports". Since then, Taiwan Province authorities have adjusted relevant policies (including foreign exchange management, income tax, investment laws and regulations, factory law, etc.). ) adapt to the continuous development of the economic situation more than once. Of course, while doing the above work, the Taiwan Province provincial authorities have a very one-sided policy due to their own insurmountable limitations, which will be introduced in detail below. Education promotes economic development. Facts have proved that education is closely related to economic development. Population growth can only increase the labor force, while education can change the quality and means of labor, thus improving labor productivity. Education in Taiwan Province developed during the Japanese occupation. However, it was completely colonial education at that time. After the recovery of Taiwan, the Kuomintang took over all educational institutions (including all kinds of schools and educational institutions) in Taiwan Province Province. The educational content of the Japanese occupation era should be "reformed": in the political part, enslavement education should be abolished and replaced by "party education"; The intellectual education part is basically retained and continued. 1949 After the Kuomintang withdrew from Taiwan Province, with the gradual stability of the situation in Taiwan Province Province and the economic development, education in Taiwan Province Province also developed to a certain extent. By 1986, there were 6,500 schools of all kinds in Taiwan Province province with 50,046 students. The education system in Taiwan Province Province is based on the method of "giving equal attention to both the government and the people" and "giving consideration to both public and private affairs", and implements preschool education and nine-year "compulsory education for all". There are certain laws and regulations from kindergarten to university, forming a series of "compulsory education", "combination of secondary vocational education and secondary general education" and "higher education". 1986, there were 109 universities and10/vocational middle schools on the island. Taiwan Province's education funds are divided into three levels: central, provincial and county. 1980, provincial education funds accounted for 25% of the province's fiscal expenditure; Counties account for 46% (during the Japanese occupation period, "provincial" education funds accounted for 6.42% of fiscal expenditure; County level accounts for 2.7%). In addition, education funds increase with economic growth. From 1952 to 1982, the "gross national product" of Taiwan Province Province increased by 26.43 times, and the investment in education increased by 90 times. The development of education has improved the quality of the labor force. Before the 1960s, there were still many illiterates in the labor force in Taiwan Province Province. Since the implementation of the "nine-year compulsory education system", by 1980, the knowledge level of the labor force in Taiwan Province Province has developed to the junior college level. The improvement of labor quality directly leads to the improvement of productivity. 198 1 year compared with 1976, the labor productivity increased by 567%, while the number of employed people only increased by 17.8%. It can be seen that the development of education is another driving force for the economic development of Taiwan Province Province. Taiwan Province Province has trained a large number of talents, but there are also many outflows. From 195 1 year to 198 1 year, there were more than 6800 people going abroad/kloc-0 in Taiwan Province province, only 8863 people returned home, and the outflow reached 85%. In addition, education in Taiwan Province Province only attaches importance to intellectual education, ignoring moral education. Political education is just a rigid "anti-* *" dogma, which became an important reason for the ideological confusion and serious social problems on the island in the late 1980s. Finally, since the KMT's withdrawal from Taiwan, the whole island has implemented strict political control and military coercion, and there has been no political strike, no military coup, and few social unrest. Since the late 1950s, the external environment has been relatively stable, especially since the mid-1960s, cross-strait relations have been in a period of "cold war". The relatively stable internal environment provides favorable conditions for the economic development of Taiwan Province Province. Although the political coercion adopted by the Kuomintang authorities is based on political considerations, its role in economic development cannot be underestimated. After Jiang Jingguo's death, the Taiwan Province authorities carried out the so-called "democratization", and the society became increasingly turbulent, which seriously affected the economic development. In contrast, the problem becomes clearer. From the above aspects, we can clearly see that there are extremely complicated reasons for the rapid economic development in Taiwan Province Province. There are objective opportunities and artificial guidance. The two are interrelated and interact. Therefore, it is not objective to exaggerate any aspect. The authorities in Taiwan Province province greatly exaggerated the humanistic factors of economic development in Taiwan Province province, and spread them around as "the experience of Taiwan Province province". Objectively speaking, in the past 40 years, Taiwan Province Province has achieved some successes in a certain stage or aspect of economic development, which can be used for reference by developing countries, but these successes have not run through the whole process of economic development. What's more, with the changes in the international economic situation and the inherent weaknesses of Taiwan Province Province, while the authorities of Taiwan Province Province are boasting about the "experience of Taiwan Province Province", the economy of Taiwan Province Province is increasingly exposing its potential hidden dangers.

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