rubiaceae

Indian madder root

Alias four-leaf clover, Lala vine, small blood circulation, vine, red-rooted grass, vine, dragon, Lysimachia christinae, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, blood, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass.

The source is the root and rhizome of Rubiaceae.

Plant morphology perennial climbing herbs. The stems are quadrangular, and some have barbs along the edges. Tetrapods, in which 1 is large and long-handled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5 ~ 6 cm or longer, and 1 ~ 3 cm or wider; There are active barbs on the leaf margin and dorsal vein. Cymes terminal or axillary; Flowers small, calyx teeth inconspicuous, corolla green or white, 5-lobed, hairs predestined friends. The fruit is fleshy, small and purple-black when ripe. The flowering and fruiting period is from September to 65438+ 10.

Born on rocks on hillsides or in grass beside ditches. Location: Anhui, Hebei, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong and other places.

Collecting in spring and autumn, dredging and drying in the sun.

Trait rhizome is irregular nodular, the upper side is the stem base, and the lower side is the tufted root with different thickness. The root is cylindrical and wavy, with a length of 10~25cm and a diameter of 0.2~ 1cm. The surface is reddish brown or dark brown, with fine longitudinal stripes and a small number of fine root marks. Crispy, flat section, purple skin, light yellow and red wood. Slight gas. It tastes slightly bitter.

The chemical constituents of roots contain many kinds of hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives, such as alizarin, purpurin, purpurin, pseudohydroxypurine, Madison, madder, physcion and so on.

Cold in nature and bitter in taste.

English name RADIX RUBIAE

Source: This product is the dried root and rhizome of Rubiaceae. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove sediment and dry.

prepare

Madder: remove impurities, wash, fully wet, cut into thick pieces or sections, and dry.

Charred madder: Take pieces or segments of madder and fry them according to the charcoal frying method (Appendix II D) until the surface is black.

Features: The rhizome of this product is nodular, which is composed of roots with different thicknesses. The root is cylindrical, slightly curved, with a length of 10 ~ 25 cm and a diameter of 0.2 ~ 1 cm. The surface is reddish brown or dark brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles and a few fine root marks; The peeling part of the skin is yellow and red. Brittle, easily broken, flat section, narrow skin, purplish red, wide wood, light yellow red, and many catheter holes. Tasteless, slightly bitter, and talkative.

distinguish

(1) Cross section of the root of this product: 6 ~ 12 rows of cork cells, containing brown substances. Some cortical parenchyma cells contain reddish-brown granules. The phloem cells are smaller. The cambium is not obvious. Xylem is the main part of the root, all lignified, and the rays are not obvious. The parenchyma cells contain needle-like crystal bundles of calcium oxalate.

(2) Take 0.2g of this product powder, add 5ml of ether, shake well for several minutes, and filter. Add 1ml sodium hydroxide test solution to the filtrate, shake well, stand for layering, and the water layer is red; The ether layer is colorless, and it shows sky blue fluorescence when observed under an ultraviolet lamp (365nm).

(3) Take 0.5g of this product powder, put it in a conical flask, add 65438 00 ml of methanol, perform ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes, filter, and concentrate the filtrate to about 65438 00 ml as the test solution. In addition, 0.5g of Rubia control medicinal material was taken and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then the swertiamarin reference substance was taken, and methanol was added to make a solution containing 2.5mg per kloc-0/ml as the reference substance solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography test (Appendix ⅵ b), 5μl of each of the above three solutions was absorbed, respectively, on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as adhesive, and petroleum ether (60 ~ 90℃)- acetone (4: 1) as developing agent, and then unfolded, taken out, dried and examined under ultraviolet lamp (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots with the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatograms of the reference medicinal materials and the reference substance.

Content determination

According to high performance liquid chromatography (appendix ⅵ d).

Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as a filler for chromatographic conditions and system suitability test. The mobile phase is methanol-water-tetrahydrofuran (310: 90: 3); The detection wavelength is 250 nm. Calculated by Swertiamarin peak, the theoretical plate number should not be less than 4000.

Preparation of Reference Solution Accurately weigh a proper amount of Swertiamarin reference substance, and add methanol to make a solution containing 80μg per kloc-0/ml.

Preparation of test solution Take about 0.2g of this product powder, weigh it accurately, put it in a conical flask with a stopper, add 25ml of methanol accurately, weigh it, soak it overnight, ultrasonically treat it for 30min, let it cool, weigh it again, make up the weight loss with methanol, shake it evenly, filter it, and take the filtrate.

The determination method accurately absorbs 5μl of the control solution and the test solution, and injects them into the liquid chromatograph for determination.

This product contains swertiamarin (C 17H 15O4) at least 0.40% on a dry basis.

Bitter and cold in nature. Liver meridian.

The main functions are cooling blood, stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis, dredging menstruation, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm. Used for hematemesis, epistaxis, metrorrhagia, traumatic hemorrhage, amenorrhea and blood stasis, joint pain, traumatic injury and swelling. Modern medical clinical research: it can treat hemorrhagic diseases, chronic tracheitis, chronic diarrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, soft tissue injury and leukopenia.

Usage and dosage 6 ~ 9g.

Dyeing effect Rubia is a natural plant dye, which has existed since ancient times. Dye application site: root (containing anthrone, alizarin, alizarin, etc. ).

Relevant historical records: Madder is one of the earliest red dyes used by human beings, which has been recorded in ancient literature. There are some sentences in The Book of Songs, such as "Clothes are like wanderers, chatting is like entertainment" and "East Gate is like walking around Osaka". "Han Guan Yi" recorded the sentence "Dye the garden flowers and dye the royal clothes". Historical records? 6? "Biography of Huo Zhi" also records that "a thousand acres of madder, one person, thousands of households, etc." It shows that planting madder at that time can enjoy rich profits, and madder dyed red has been paid much attention before the Zhou Dynasty. "Compendium of Materia Medica" said: "Tao lives in seclusion in Materia Medica: the east is less than the west, so the west grass is a sage ..." Shizhen said: "The sage was born in December, and the vine is several feet long, the square is very hollow, and the thorns are several inches, with five leaves per section. The leaves are as rough as the leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, with a green face and a green back. ..... can be dyed deep red ... "Physical knowledge in the Qing Dynasty?" 6? There are also "madder dyed purple" and "red sage with ebony soup, red sage with lime water, and red sage does not lose two baht." There are also many explanations for madder in the book Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts. There are also many records in Taiwan Province's early chronicles. For example, in the fifty-six years of Emperor Kangxi's Zhuluo County Records, it was recorded that "madder dyed crimson grass, a hair is old ……", which was used by indigenous people to dye animal hair vines; However, it is secret and will not be passed on. I don't know where the Han nationality is from. ""rebuild? Single county annals 6? Appendix "Bai Yi" Volume IV, XI? " "Fan Fu wove his own cloth, with dog hair and ramie as threads and madder dyed, and it was written in a mixed way. Athena Chu is eye-catching and is called big plaid. Dago Fan Wen is a quilt. Han thinks this dress is quite strong. "Later, this article was frequently copied from local chronicles, such as Danshuitang Chronicles, Chiayi County Chronicles, Gemalantang Chronicles of Taiwan Province, and General History of Taiwan Province Province, which was quite consistent with the previous articles. More than 60 years ago, Du's book "Dyeing Methods of Domestic Plant Dyes" gave a detailed explanation of the dyeing of madder and also explained the pigment composition. " The pigments in madder root include alizarin, alizarin and pseudoalizarin, with alizarin as the main pigment. This substance contain glycosides for in roots. If boiled with nitric acid, it will ferment in the roots and become hormones. Alizarin exists in fresh madder root, slightly soluble in cold water, easily soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether, and blood red in salty liquid ...

Madder can be roughly divided into two categories: oriental madder and western madder. Rubia orientalis has different names such as Indian Rubia, China Rubia, Japanese Rubia, etc. As far as the effect of dyeing red is concerned, sissy and Indian sissy are far superior to China sissy. The red pigment of oriental sissies produced in Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province and Japan is thinner, and the orange flavor is stronger when dyed, which is not as bright as that of western sissies and Indian sissies. When dyeing madder, you can use fresh madder roots collected recently or dried madder roots purchased from Chinese medicine shops.