Bank loan. Bank loan is called the "reservoir" of risk financing, which has a "mass base" among entrepreneurs.

Credit loan refers to the loan issued by the bank only based on the trust of the borrower's credit, and the borrower does not need to provide collateral to the bank.

A secured loan refers to a loan issued with the guarantor's credit as the guarantee.

Discounted loan refers to the loan method that the borrower applies to the bank for discount with unexpired bills when he is in urgent need of funds.

Comments: Remind entrepreneurs to be prepared for a "protracted war", because in addition to not dealing with banks, applying for loans has to go through industrial and commercial administrative departments, tax departments, intermediaries and so on. Moreover, the procedures are cumbersome, and any link may make mistakes.

Second, study the ways and means for SMEs to seek financing.

1. The main financing channels and methods of foreign SMEs are as follows: first, self-financing, second, direct financing and third, indirect financing. With regard to self-raised funds, it includes the owner's (or partner's, shareholder's) own funds; Money borrowed from relatives and friends; Personal investment fund; Venture capital fund: financing funds for enterprise operation (including customer advance payment and installment payment to suppliers, etc.). ); Inter-enterprise credit loans (prohibited in some countries); Loans from mutual aid institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises; And some social funds. ) loans and so on. About direct financing. It refers to the channels to raise funds from the public in the form of bonds and stocks. Obviously, only small and medium-sized companies have the right to use this financing method. Moreover, the bonds and stocks of small and medium-sized companies can only be issued through over-the-counter transactions, and only a few small and medium-sized companies that meet strict conditions can get the opportunity to go public or enter the "secondary financing". It mainly includes various short-term and medium-and long-term loans. Loan methods (that is, financial products) mainly include mortgage loans, secured loans and credit loans. According to the sources of funds of small and medium-sized enterprises in various countries, it can be divided into the following three types: one is a liberal type that emphasizes that enterprises have the independent consciousness of owners (or partners) and financing roles, such as the United States and Britain. The other is a collectivist type that emphasizes the role of society and government, such as the type between Italy and France, such as Germany, Japan and South Korea. Second, different types and stages of SMEs have different requirements for financing (1) Different types of SMEs have different financing characteristics, and of course they have different requirements for financing channels and conditions. From the perspective of financing, there are several types, small and medium-sized businesses, high technology and communities. Financing characteristics and key enterprises of various small and medium-sized enterprises. The capital demand of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises is diverse and complex, which is determined by the complexity of their operations. Financial services from external and financial institutions are needed for long-term loans for purchasing energy raw materials and semi-finished products, equipment and spare parts, and even various expenses for product marketing and seller's credit. Generally speaking, the capital demand of manufacturing enterprises is relatively large and slow, and the corresponding risks of business activities and funds are relatively large, making financing difficult. The characteristics of working capital loans and commodity promotion activities of service-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises are small quantity, high frequency, short loan period and large randomness of loans. But in general, venture capital is therefore the object that ordinary small and medium-sized commercial banks are more willing to give loans. 3. High-tech SMEs. High-tech small and medium-sized enterprises can obtain financing through the financing channels available to ordinary small and medium-sized enterprises, and the more important source of funds is the endless variety of "venture capital funds". This kind of fund is established by both the government and the people, and is generally a property right fund. The "venture capital funds" in the United States, Japan and Britain are relatively developed. 4. Community-based SMEs (including street handicrafts). Community-based small and medium-sized enterprises (including street handicrafts) are a special kind of small and medium-sized enterprises with certain social welfare, so it is easier to obtain government support funds. In addition, community fund-raising is also an important source of funds for such enterprises. Western countries have their own emphasis on solving the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises: for example, the United States is a country with an innovative tradition, so it pays more attention to the financing problems of high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises. Japan is also unique in supporting small and medium-sized enterprises to absorb imported technology. Italy pays more attention to the development and financing of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, which is directly related to its efforts to solve the economic development of relatively backward areas in the south and increase the economic vitality and hematopoietic function of this area. France attaches great importance to employment, so the focus of government support for SMEs is mainly service-oriented SMEs with great employment potential. Switzerland and Spain (including France) have their own characteristics in solving community-based small and medium-sized enterprises (including street handicrafts). Small and medium-sized enterprises at different stages of development have different requirements for financing. Small and medium-sized enterprises at different stages of development have different financing requirements from the establishment of enterprises to the withdrawal of enterprises for various reasons. 1. Initial stage. Need property rights (own) funds, or share capital, generally from individual investors and venture capital, but also need commercial banks to borrow a small amount of money in the form of debt. 2. Put it into operation. Obtaining working capital loans mainly from commercial banks and other channels; Advantages still need to increase the equity funds from individual investors, venture capital and small business investment companies. 3. Growth and development stage. External financing is the key, mainly from commercial banks and various small business investment companies, community development companies to obtain debt funds; It will also raise equity funds from the above channels. 4. Start the mature stage. Mainly by large companies to participate in shares, employees to subscribe for shares, shares listed publicly. , as well as from investment companies and commercial banks to raise property rights funds needed for development and transformation. In addition to the above four stages of development, the financial services provided by western countries for small and medium-sized enterprises in the exit stage are also very distinctive. In the United States, for example, both the government and the people have set up special bankruptcy liquidation funds, with the purpose of minimizing the adverse effects of enterprise bankruptcy on the parties, creditors and the whole society, striving to rationally arrange the legitimate interests of relevant parties and realizing the smooth withdrawal of enterprises. From a comparative point of view, it is relatively easy for western countries to establish small enterprises, but there are great differences in the road of enterprise growth. Generally speaking, because American society pays more attention to the growth and enlargement of enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises are easy to grow into larger companies; Italy and France in Europe mainly pay attention to the contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises to employment, so they don't care much about the growth of enterprises, and it is generally difficult for enterprises to grow bigger; Other countries, such as Germany, Japan and South Korea, are in between. Third, the comparison of foreign governments' financing support policies for SMEs. Government financial support is an important part of the source of funds for SMEs. Looking at the situation in various countries, the government's financial support can generally account for about 10% of the external funds of small and medium-sized enterprises, and the specific amount depends on the relative importance attached by various countries to small and medium-sized enterprises and the corporate culture traditions of various countries. The financial assistance to SMEs in various countries mainly includes tax incentives, financial subsidies, loan assistance, venture capital and opening up direct financing channels. (A) tax incentives Tax incentives are the most direct way of financial assistance, which is conducive to the accumulation and growth of SMEs' funds. Corporate tax in developed countries generally accounts for 40%-50% of the added value of enterprises. In the case of implementing a progressive tax system, the tax burden of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively light, but it also accounts for about 30% of the added value, and the burden is still heavy. In order to further reduce the tax burden, countries have taken a series of measures, mainly including: reducing the tax rate, reducing or exempting taxes, raising the tax threshold and increasing the depreciation rate of fixed assets. Through various preferential tax policies, the tax revenue of small and medium-sized enterprises can be reduced by more than half, and the total tax revenue level can be reduced from 30% of the added value to about 15%. This tax-free fund is inclusive and vital to the survival of small and medium-sized enterprises. It should be said that all countries have formulated different preferential tax policies for SMEs, but relatively speaking, Germany is the most typical. Germany's preferential tax policies for small and medium-sized enterprises are as follows: from 65438 to 0984, special preferential terms in favor of small and medium-sized enterprises were implemented; The tax reform starts from 1986. At present, the preferential tax policies for small and medium-sized enterprises mainly include: exempting most small and medium-sized industrial enterprises from business tax; The business tax threshold for small and medium-sized enterprises has been raised from DM 25,000 to DM 32,500, and the unified business tax threshold for East Germany has been raised from DM 6,543.8+0.5 million to DM 6,543.8+0.5 million. Increase the depreciation rate of equipment in small and medium-sized enterprises from 10% to 20%; The lower limit of income tax is reduced to19%; Small enterprises with a turnover of no more than DM 25,000 are exempt from turnover tax; Exempt most small and medium-sized industrial enterprises from business tax; The depreciation rate of fixed assets is increased from 10% to 20%. The main ways of financial subsidies in Germany are as follows: according to the overall planning of research and technology policy for small and medium-sized enterprises, special funds are set up to provide financial support for the technological development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Since 1995, this fund has reached 12 1 100 million marks; To undertake the training task of small and medium-sized enterprises, you can get government subsidies. 1994, the government training subsidy expenditure reached DM 65,438+0.410.7 billion. Provide 15%-23% financial subsidies for small and medium-sized enterprises investing in eastern Germany. (2) Financial Subsidies Subsidies are financial assistance provided by the government to enable small and medium-sized enterprises to give full play to certain aspects of the national economy and society. The application of financial subsidies is to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to absorb employment, promote scientific and technological progress of small and medium-sized enterprises and encourage exports. The main types of subsidies are: employment subsidies, research and development subsidies, export subsidies and so on. Generally speaking, the government's financial subsidy is limited and non-inclusive (different from tax incentives), and its function is guidance. (3) Loan Assistance The main ways for the government to help small and medium-sized enterprises obtain loans are: loan guarantee, loan discount and direct preferential loans from the government. Loan assistance is the place where small and medium-sized enterprises need funds most for starting businesses, technological transformation and export. (4) Venture Capital Venture Fund is a high-risk, high-return special investment fund established by the government or the private sector for innovative activities of high-tech SMEs. Among them, countries such as Europe and America are mostly founded by the people, while countries such as Japan are mainly founded by the government. The United States has the most developed venture funds, and there are more than 500 "small business investment companies" all over the country, most of which mainly provide funds to high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises. 1995 * * *, more than 70,000 small enterprises have obtained venture capital funds, with a total amount of * * * 1 10 billion dollars. Japan's venture funds are also very developed. After 1970s, Japan began to implement the modernization policy of small and medium-sized enterprises, further proposed that small and medium-sized enterprises should be knowledge-intensive and high-tech, and encouraged government financial institutions to provide "venture capital" to emerging high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises. At present, there are more than 20,000 "risk enterprises" in Japan, which have become the main demanders of Japanese robots. In Britain, a special "Venture Capital Association" (BVCA) composed of more than 65,438+000 small financial companies engaged in venture capital of small and medium-sized enterprises has been established, which has provided a lot of financial assistance for high-tech "venture enterprises". (5) Encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to directly raise funds in the capital market. Small and medium-sized enterprises are small in scale, so it is difficult for their stocks to compete with many large enterprises in the general stock exchange market. In order to solve the problem of direct financing of small and medium-sized enterprises, some countries explore the establishment of a "second department" to provide direct financing channels for small and medium-sized enterprises, especially scientific and technological small and medium-sized enterprises. 4. Enlightenment for solving the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises in China. The primary problem faced by small and medium-sized enterprises in China is also a serious shortage of funds. Recently, the state has taken measures, such as requiring commercial banks to set up "SME credit departments" and raising the floating interest rate of SME loans to encourage banks to carry out SME credit work. However, at present, the effect is not ideal. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the financing system and financial support policies of SMEs in China are still in the initial stage, and the financing channels and policy systems are still lacking in completeness and systematicness; The financing channels of small and medium-sized enterprises are still unclear; The goals of government support policies also lack pertinence or focus. In order to establish a normal financing system and channels for small and medium-sized enterprises with China characteristics, and improve the financial support policy system of our government, and draw lessons from foreign advanced experience, the following suggestions are put forward: (1) Further speed up the construction of modern standardized enterprise system and restore the natural direct financing right of small and medium-sized enterprises to meet the requirements of market economy operation mechanism. In order to ensure the healthy development of China's securities market and restore the basic direct financing rights of small and medium-sized companies, it is suggested to establish a normal OTC bond or stock market system in China as soon as possible. What needs to be pointed out here is that establishing a standardized enterprise financing system that meets the requirements of market mechanism will create conditions for solving the "excessive" financing problem of some small and medium-sized enterprises in China. (2) Establish specialized financial institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises, encourage the establishment of mutual financial organizations among small and medium-sized enterprises, or establish mutual financial organizations among small and medium-sized enterprises, so as to strengthen their ability to share development and risks and lay a good foundation for the establishment of specialized financial institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises. (3) Establishing a "second market" in line with China's national conditions At present, the conditions for establishing a "second market" in line with China's national conditions have basically been met. First of all, it is the objective requirement of China's national economic development. With the transformation of China's economic growth mode, the role of small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises is increasing. In order to ensure the development of this kind of enterprises related to China's future economic growth potential, it is necessary to establish a "second-board market" in line with its financing characteristics as soon as possible. Secondly, China's securities market is becoming more and more mature, and the country's financial supervision ability has been greatly strengthened. Third, after several years of investigation and understanding, China has basically mastered the operation law of the "second-board market". The preparation of necessary material conditions has also been basically completed. (D) Establish and improve the financial support policy system for SMEs in China in terms of taxation, fiscal expenditure, loan support and direct financing. The practice of various countries shows that the financial difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises need to be solved through various channels, and only one channel is not enough. At present, on the basis of further encouraging banks to carry out SME credit work as soon as possible, it is particularly important to establish and improve the credit guarantee mechanism for SMEs in China.

Third, study the ways and means for SMEs to seek financing.

The simplest and most effective way is to accept the draft by business or find a background stock of state-owned enterprises to hold it.

Advantages:

1, increase enterprise qualification and background.

2. Increase people's trust

3. Give priority to national policy welfare.

4. Policy inclination

5. Funding and project support

6. Architecture optimization

7. Manpower exchange between government and enterprises.

Senior consultant: privately trust the channels and methods of holding commercial tickets and state-owned enterprises.

4. What are the financing methods for SMEs?

Strategy 1: Innovative financial leasing The so-called innovative financial leasing is because it is different from the traditional financial leasing. Innovative financial leasing has the characteristics of introducing equipment, expanding production, putting into production quickly, being flexible in the case of insufficient funds, and enabling enterprises to enjoy preferential repayment before tax. Enterprises don't want to own fixed assets, but only use equipment that can use a small amount of margin. Make the funds increase in value in the flow, instead of settling in the investment in fixed assets. Strategy 2: pledge of intangible assets At present, many newly established small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises have relatively large intangible assets, and small and medium-sized enterprises with patent rights and copyrights can try to use this property right as collateral to obtain bank loans. Strategy 3: Custody of movable property For a large number of production and trade enterprises, because there is no suitable real estate as collateral, some enterprises rent their factories and land. Suffering from the difficulty of financing without collateral, for such enterprises, we can now ask the social asset appraisal trust company to obtain bank loans. Strategy 4: Mutual Insurance Alliance The mutual insurance alliance of small and medium-sized enterprises focuses on solving the guarantee and counter-guarantee problems of enterprises in the financing process. Its advantage is that it can be enjoyed for a long time at a time. Enterprises with similar quality and scale can guarantee each other and save the guarantee cost. Reduce financing costs. Strategy 5: Mortgage loan for production equipment is a new form of enterprise financing for insurance companies. Its main form is the mortgage of production machinery and equipment, which on the one hand promotes the growth of production equipment sales. Solve the contradiction of insufficient funds for enterprises to purchase and update equipment. On the other hand, it provides financing channels for small and medium-sized enterprises to expand production scale, improve product grade and competitiveness. Strategy 6: National Innovation Fund Technology Innovation Fund for SMEs is a special government fund approved by the State Council to support technology innovation of SMEs. Support and guide the technological innovation activities of small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises through loan interest subsidies and capital investment. According to the different characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises and projects, the support methods of innovative funds mainly include: (1) loan discount: in principle, support innovative projects that use bank loans to expand production scale and reach a certain level, scale and benefit. Generally, the subsidy is 50%~ 100% of the annual interest of the loan amount. The total discount generally does not exceed 6,543,800 yuan, and some major projects may not exceed 2 million yuan. (2) Free subsidy: it is mainly used for the necessary subsidy in the product research and development and pilot stage of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. The subsidy for scientific researchers to start enterprises with scientific and technological achievements to transform their achievements generally does not exceed 6,543,800 yuan. The innovation level is high, and the subsequent innovation potential is great. It is expected that the market will be large after the project is put into production, and it is expected to form a new industry. The cost input method is adopted. Strategy 7: Small and medium-sized enterprises can apply for international market development funds, which are specially arranged by the central and local governments to support small and medium-sized enterprises to explore international markets. Strategy 8: pawn financing pawn is based on physical objects. A financing method of obtaining temporary loans in the form of physical ownership transfer. Its advantages are: the credit requirements for small and medium-sized enterprises are almost zero, and only the pawned items are genuine, and both movable and immovable property can be pledged; Pawn items have a low starting point, and items with 1000 yuan and 100 yuan can be pawned. Pawn financing procedures are simple and most of them are desirable. Even property mortgage is much more convenient than bank. No matter what the purpose of the loan is, money can be used freely. Repeatedly, the utilization rate of funds can be greatly improved. To sum up, it is more suitable for enterprise financing, and the requirements are not very high, but it is urgent. Shanghai Oriental Pawnshop has been engaged in financing pawning for a long time. Strategy 9: Innovative varieties of banks At present, there are many innovative financing varieties of banks, such as loans secured by foreign exchange bonds and standard warehouses. In terms of trade financing, there are buyer's credit, packaged loans, letters of guarantee, factoring, forfaiting and other varieties. In addition, there are export tax rebate account custody loans, acquisition and merger loans, natural person guaranteed loans, corporate account overdraft, accounts receivable financing and so on. These varieties are like financial supermarkets, and enterprises can have their own needs. Enterprises can also consult the Shanghai SME Service Center, which provides financing guidance for SMEs, and choose the most suitable financing products for their own enterprises. Policy 10.