The first phase is the initial stage (1897~ 19 13). The first Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland on 1897, and adopted the Zionist Program, which stipulated that its goal was "to establish a Jewish homeland of the Jewish nation in Palestine guaranteed by public law". The General Assembly established the World Zionist Association. Since then, the movement has entered the stage of actual action. Jews set off many movements to migrate to Palestine.
The second period, Weizmann's period (19 13~ 1946), was characterized by relying entirely on British support to achieve the purpose of Zionism. 19 13 years, at the 1 1 Zionist congress, chaim weizmann began to lead the Zionist movement. 1917165438 10. In October, the British government issued a declaration on the establishment of a Jewish national house in the form of a letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Zionist leader Sir Rothschild, which is also known as the Balfour Declaration. This laid an international environment for the establishment of the Palestinian Jewish state. From then on to the eve of World War II in 1939, the Zionist movement developed rapidly. In the meantime, since 1920, Britain has obtained the appointed sovereignty over Palestine. The mandate clearly stipulates that Britain has the obligation or responsibility to help Jews establish their national homeland in Palestine. The number of Jews who immigrated to Palestine is gradually increasing. According to statistics, there were 56,000 Jews in Palestine in 19 18, accounting for 7% of the total residents; 1922 increased to 84,000, accounting for11.1%; 1939 increased to 445000, accounting for 29.7%. The policy of "supporting Judah and rejecting Afghanistan" of the appointed ruling authorities led to bloody conflicts between Arabia and Israel. After the outbreak of World War II, in order to win the support of the Arab world, Britain published a white paper on Palestinian policy in May 1939, which turned to restrict Jewish immigration and land transfer, and supported the Arab government to "take charge" of Palestine 10. The United States has always supported the Zionist movement and asked Britain to abolish the white paper. At the 22nd World Zionist Congress from 65438 to 0946, the pro-Anglo-American Ben Gurion replaced Weizmann, and the Zionist movement entered the third period.
The third period is Ben Gurion's period. After World War II, in order to replace Britain and dominate the Middle East, the United States supported Zionism on the Palestinian issue and put pressure on Britain. The Zionist movement actively cooperated with and launched a series of struggles and violent activities against the British appointed ruling authorities. Arabs insist on independence. Under various pressures, Britain agreed to set up a joint investigation team to 1945+0 1 solve the Palestinian issue. The Committee put forward a plan to issue 65438+ ten thousand Jewish immigrant cards in 1946 and a "provincial autonomy plan" to divide Palestine into four provinces. These plans were opposed by Arabs, and Jews also expressed dissatisfaction. 1946 In August, the Paris meeting of the Jewish National Congress adopted a new plan of "establishing a vibrant Jewish state in an appropriate area of Palestine". This Jewish state is planned to be built on the coastal plain from Galilee and Tel Aviv to Akbar, plus the entire Negev desert, accounting for about 65% of the total area of Palestine. The United States expressed its support for the plan. The Bevan Plan was put forward by Britain. Because both Arabs and Jews opposed it, this issue was submitted to the United Nations in February 1947.
1in April 1947, the United Nations special session on the question of Palestine decided to set up a special committee to investigate.1On October 29th, the second session of the General Assembly voted on the report of the special committee. The United States and the Soviet Union agreed, so Britain had to abstain. As a result, the General Assembly voted 33 votes; A majority of 13 adopted a resolution on the future governance of Palestine (partition plan) (resolution 18 1 [II]). The resolution stipulates that the British mandate over Palestine must be ended, and British troops must be withdrawn from Palestine as soon as possible, no later than August 65438+ 1 day, 0948, and stipulates that the Trusteeship Council will formulate and adopt the detailed articles of association of the city of Jerusalem. In order to implement this resolution, the United Nations Committee for Palestine was also established. The resolution also stipulated that Arab countries and Jewish countries should be established within two months after the end of the mandate. Generally speaking, according to the ethnic distribution, Palestine is divided into six parts, three of which belong to Arabs and three belong to Jews. The Arab country established by Arabs, who account for two-thirds of the population, covers an area of 1. 1 000 square kilometers, accounting for about 43% of the Palestinian area. Its jurisdiction includes Sigali, most of the West Bank, Gaza and Jaffa in Arabia, with 725,000 Arabs and 654,380,000 Jews. The Jewish state established by Jews with a population of13 and 6% of the land covers an area of10.4 million square kilometers, accounting for 56% of the Palestinian area. Its jurisdiction includes Upper Galilee, Hula Basin, lake tiberias and Besan, as well as the coastal area about 20 kilometers south of Ake to Tel Aviv. There are 498,000 Jews and 407,000 Arabs. The two countries are economically united; Jerusalem and its nearby suburban villages and towns (158 square kilometers) are "independent subjects under special international policies and managed by the United Nations".
1948 On May 14, the British High Commissioner left Palestine and the British Mandate officially ended. On the afternoon of the same day, Israeli Prime Minister and Defense Minister David Ben Gurion held a special meeting of the Palestinian National Committee in the Tel Aviv Museum exhibition hall to announce the declaration of Israeli independence and the establishment of the State of Israel. 1 1 minute later, the United States announced "de facto recognition of the Israeli interim government". 17 in may, the former Soviet union announced its recognition of Israel. The establishment of the State of Israel is a historic milestone in the history of Jewish development, and it has also brought international relations in the Middle East into a new stage.
Israel is a multi-ethnic country, and its main residents are Jews and Arabs. 1948 when People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, the actual population was about 786,000. 1952, the population increased nearly 1 times, reaching140,000. Since then, it has maintained a high growth momentum. 1992, the total population of Israel reached 5.09 million, including 4175,000 Jews, accounting for 83% of the total population. There are also non-Jews who account for nearly 18% of the total population, mainly including: 1. Arabs, including 735,000 Arab Muslims and 654.38+million Arab Christians, account for 13.8% and 2.3% of the total population respectively; 2. There are 72,000 Druze people, accounting for1.7% of the total population; 3. Circle, about 2,500 people.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Israel's borders and the territory it actually controls have been constantly changing. The Palestinian partition resolution stipulates that the territory of Israel is 6.5438+0.49 million square kilometers. Through the First Middle East War, Israel occupied 6220 square kilometers, with a total area of 2. 1 10000 square kilometers. 1967 the third middle east war occupied the west bank (5,268 square kilometers), the Gaza strip (354 square kilometers) and east Jerusalem (187 square kilometers). 198 1 year passed a decree to incorporate120,000 square kilometers of Golan Heights into its territory. 1982, 850 square kilometers of security zone was set aside in southern Lebanon and placed under its control.
Israel adopts the model of western political system: parliamentary democracy, universal suffrage and multi-party system, and the executive, legislative and judicial powers check and balance each other. The president transcends parties and national groups and is a symbol of national unity. The duties of the president are mainly ceremonial. The Knesset is a unicameral system and the legislative body of Israel. Its main functions are to legislate, supervise government work and participate in etiquette activities. The government is an administrative body, which is accountable to and supervised by the Parliament. The 26th Israeli government is a multi-party coalition government. The judicial institutions in Israel are courts at all levels, which are divided into three categories: ordinary courts, religious courts and specialized courts, as well as ordinary local courts, ordinary regional courts and the Supreme Court.
The Israeli economy is a mixed economy in nature and structure, including three types: government control, cooperative operation and private operation. There are many private enterprises in Israel, whose output value accounts for about half of the gross national product. Israel's natural resources, military industry, railways, banks, postal services, telecommunications, highway construction, farmland irrigation and drainage, afforestation, soil and water conservation and other departments related to the national economy and people's livelihood are monopolized by the state. Large-scale private capital is also fully involved by the government through various measures. The "government" here includes local governments engaged in land acquisition and resettlement, Jewish offices and Jewish national foundations, which highly control the main economic sectors. The government exerts influence on the national economy through budget, investment, subsidies, currency issuance and direct control of distribution, affecting economic operation. Israel has a strong cooperative economy, including agricultural collectives and cooperative economic organizations, such as Kibbutz, and most large enterprises owned by the Israel Federation of Trade Unions and its subsidiary holding companies, which have played an important role in Jewish settlements, the founding of Israel and the development of the national economy.
Israel has carried out flexible and diverse diplomatic practices around the world and established diplomatic relations with more than 100 countries in the world. Israel announced its decision to recognize People's Republic of China (PRC) on1October 9, 1950. 1992 65438+1On October 24th, Israel and China formally established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level.