1848165438+1October 27th, Alfred, an outstanding inventor and entrepreneur? Nobel made a will and set up a global prize with all his legacy to reward people who have made outstanding contributions in five fields: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace.

In order to realize Nobel's last wish, the Nobel Foundation was established in June of 1900. On February 10 of the following year, on the occasion of the 5th anniversary of Nobel's death, the first Nobel Prize awarding ceremony was held in Sweden. The Nobel Foundation is the owner and actual manager of the fund, and participates in the awarding of bonuses, but does not participate in the evaluation and deliberation of bonuses. The consideration of bonuses is entirely in the charge of four research institutions. Nobel mentioned in his will that the institutions that awarded the prizes were: the Swedish Academy of Royal Sciences awarded the physics prize and the chemistry prize; Royal Caroline Institute of Surgeon Medicine awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; The Swedish Academy Literature Award was awarded; The Norwegian Prize Jury appointed by the Norwegian Parliament is responsible for awarding the Peace Prize. Each award includes a gold medal, certificate and bonus; The amount of bonus depends on the income of the foundation, ranging from $365,438+$0,000 to $72,000. 1968 Swedish bank added economic science bonus, 1969 was awarded for the first time. The selection of winners was started by the above four award-winning institutions in early autumn last year. Specifically, according to the articles of association of the Nobel Prize, the awarding unit first sends invitations to those research units that have the ability to put forward candidates. Take the physics prize and chemistry prize as an example. About 650 letters were sent to the following people: members of the Swedish Academy of Royal Sciences, members of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physics and Chemistry, former winners of the physics prize and chemistry prize, physics or chemistry professors from 40-50 universities and research institutes selected by eight Swedish universities and academy of sciences, and other scientists from foreign research institutes and large research institutes. They will propose candidates. The choice is based on professional ability and international reputation. The Nobel Prize does not accept self-recommendation. The nomination of candidates must be notified to the relevant committee in writing on February 1 day of the award year. Starting from February 1, six Nobel Prize judging committees started the selection work according to the nominations. During the period of 5438+00 from September to early June, the Committee submitted letters of recommendation to relevant award-winning institutions. The awarding unit will make a final decision before 1 1.05+65438. All stages of deliberation and voting were conducted in secret. Bonuses are only for individuals, and peace prizes can be given to institutions. Once the bonus is assessed, it will not be overturned because of opposition. Bonus issuing institutions have nothing to do with the state.

The Nobel Prize is open to everyone, regardless of nationality, race, religious belief or ideology. Awards ceremony for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and economics was held in Stockholm; The awarding ceremony of the Peace Prize was held in Oslo, and the time was about 65438+February 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The winner usually has to receive the prize in person. Over the years, it has been proved that there is little controversy between science award and medicine award; For the literature prize and the peace prize, due to their respective nature, it is most likely to lead to differences of opinion. Peace bonuses are usually reserved.

190110 at 4: 00 p.m, the grand ceremony of awarding the Nobel Prize for the first time was held in Stockholm Grand Concert Hall, the capital of Sweden. Countless flowers are arranged on both sides of the rostrum and the hall. The hall was packed, and more than 2,000 guests greeted this annual science festival with excitement in recognition of scientists who have made outstanding achievements in science.

At 4: 30, the winners, accompanied by members of the Nobel Foundation, stepped into the prize box of the concert hall. At the grand ceremony, the chairman of the foundation briefly introduced the contributions of the winners in Swedish. Then, the winners went to the podium to give a speech, and then walked down from the podium to accept the Nobel Certificate of Honor and the Nobel Gold Medal issued by the King of Sweden with cheers. Outside the hall, college students formed a welcome team, waving colorful flags, waiting to witness the faces of these outstanding scientists. On the day of the award, the whole of Stockholm was immersed in joy.

After the award ceremony, a grand banquet was held for the winners. All the lights in the hall are on. Present at the ceremony were the king, queen and members of the royal family of Sweden, as well as celebrities from all walks of life. Finally, the guests danced and the celebration reached its climax.

The establishment of the Nobel Prize is a great achievement with far-reaching influence in the history of science in the 20th century and even in the history of human civilization. It has played a beneficial role in the development of science and the peace and progress of mankind. It inspires people to climb the peak of science.

Alfred, Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist? Nobel18331012/0/was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His father Emanuel is an outstanding architect. Mother is a famous Swedish naturalist o? Who discovered lymphatic vessels (about 1653). Descendants of Rudbach.

1842, Nobel's mother led the Nobel brothers to leave Stockholm for St. Petersburg, Russia, to reunite with Emmanuel, who opened a pharmaceutical factory there. Nobel was the youngest of the three brothers at that time, but under the education of a tutor, he became a famous chemist at the age of 16, proficient in English, French, German, Russian, Swedish and other languages.

1850, my father sent Nobel to Paris to study chemistry, and one year later he went to the United States to study for four years under the guidance of ship designer Eriksson. In the United States, he learned the technology of mechanical manufacturing and mastered the scientific knowledge that the heat generated by material combustion and gas expansion can be converted into force. After returning to St. Petersburg from the United States, Nobel worked in his father's factory. Due to the outbreak of the Crimean war, Russian military orders increased greatly, prompting the Nobel factory to borrow money to expand the factory to meet production. But in the second year of the war, the British and French allied forces captured Sevastopol, and succeeded Tsar Alexander II to declare surrender. The war stopped, no one came to order weapons, and the Nobel factory was hit. During the war, the factory equipment that was continuously expanded by borrowing was idle and useless. 1859, a factory run by Nobel went bankrupt, and his parents returned to Sweden with their little brother born in Russia. The three Nobel brothers stayed in Russia to live. Soon, his father developed hydrochloric acid gunpowder in Sweden and called Alfred back to help.

1863 in the summer, Alfred, 30 years old? Nobel returned to Stockholm for the second time and devoted himself to his father's new invention of adding nitroglycerin to black powder. However, he turned a deaf ear to his father's invention and started his research work in Russia alone. He studied how to produce a small explosion first, and then use a small explosion to cause the effect of a big explosion. After more than 50 experiments, in June of 1863 10, he finally invented the detonator of nitroglycerin bomb. Gunpowder began to be used in mines.

Alfred and his father actively set up factories again. Business is booming, and even the Swedish government is beginning to get in order. However, in 1864, shortly after the explosive was put into production, the factory exploded and Alfred's brother was killed. The Swedish government then ordered a ban on rebuilding the factory. However, Nobel remained steadfast and continued to engage in this dangerous experiment. He moved the experiment to a barge. He has worked for more than four years and done more than 400 experiments, but he still can't tame the fierce horse nitroglycerin. One day, he lit the detonator and stared at it. Suddenly there was a loud noise and smoke billowed, and people shouted, "Nobel is finished! Nobel is finished! " After a while, a dark, bloody man rushed out of the smoke. He jumped wildly and shouted, "I succeeded!" I succeeded! " It turns out that Nobel is not dead.

1867, the mixture of trinitroglycerin and diatomite, a powerful explosive invented by Nobel, was patented and immediately applied to mining and road construction, greatly reducing heavy manual labor and improving the prestige of work efficiency. Later, this explosive was used to blow through the Alps, and a 9-mile-long tunnel was built several years ahead of schedule, saving more than 5 million yuan.

The invention of safe high explosives made Nobel's factory develop rapidly and spread to many countries. But he is not satisfied. He continued his efforts and invented "smokeless powder" in 1875. In addition, he also made many inventions in chemistry, and obtained more than 120 patents in Britain alone.

Alfred. Although the gunpowder invented by Nobel contributed to peaceful production, it was also used in wars, resulting in many deaths.

"I hold the dream of peace and invented gunpowder several times. However, it has become a weapon to kill each other. Is it right to invent powerful weapons to eliminate war? " Alfred. Nobel is very confused. At this time, he met Mrs. Zitner, the author of the novel "Lay Down Your Arms". In her novels, her desire for peace is fully displayed.

1892 In August, at the World Peace Conference held in Bern, Switzerland, Mrs. Zitner shouted: "Eliminate the war and defend world peace!" After the meeting, Alfred? Nobel said meaningfully: "It seems that my idea is wrong. It is not a powerful weapon to stop the war, but like you, tell people the horror of war and guide them not to wage war, so as to be conducive to peace. "

Since then, he has been thinking about the Nobel Prize. Later, he wrote such a letter to Mrs Zitner; "I want to take out some property and set up a bonus. This award, in Europe, is awarded to those who have made the greatest contribution to the realization of the ideal of peace. " 1894, Alfred, 6 1 year-old, sighed after saving Balfoss Steel Company in Sweden: "I am old. Really exhausted! " He added: "I want to live a quiet life!" " "

1895, he was immersed in the research of mixed smokeless powder, and the research results were stolen, and his body gradually collapsed with anger and his heart disease continued.

"My life is not long. Yes, write a will and leave! " Alfred. Nobel thought

"I set up the Nobel Explosive Company in various countries and made a lot of money. I must return it. " At this time, Alfred's heart ached at the thought of explosives used in the war.

"Many people died because of explosives. I want compensation! " Alfred made up his mind to leave a will beneficial to human happiness and peace!

1845165438+1October 27th, a night with few stars, Alfred? Nobel wrote such a famous will:

"I took out all my property and set up five bonuses and their interest:

First, the physics prize; Second, the chemistry prize. These two projects were selected by the Swedish Academy Science Award.

3. Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Selected by Caroline Institute in Stockholm.

Fourth, the literary prize. Selected by Stockholm College of Bachelor of Arts.

5. Peace Prize. Elected by five members of the Norwegian Parliament.

I hope that the above awards will be awarded to the most suitable people, regardless of the country. "

1896 10 February 10, Alfred died in his home in Sanlimo at the age of 63. The soul of Alfred, who prayed for world peace, turned into a Nobel Prize and shone brightly.