1. The five major elements that generated Ningxia’s frontier travel poems in the Tang Dynasty. Ningxia belonged to Shuofang in the Tang Dynasty. The Duhu Prefecture and other prefectures, unified the seven military prefectures including Jinglue, Feng'an, Dingyuan, Xi and Dongshoujiangcheng, Anbei Duhu, and Zhenwu. In the Tang Dynasty, a number of frontier travel poems describing the Tang people's border travels were formed here. . Tracing its formation process, five major factors such as the location of the capital, urban layout, transportation network, imperial examination system, and the establishment of the shogunate all played a promoting role. Among them, the location of the capital plays a particularly crucial role. The construction of a capital city plays a decisive role in the development of a country's territory, transportation, and literature. Wherever the capital is built, the country's political, military, cultural, and literary center of gravity will be set. Not long after the capital is built, a transportation network will be formed, and literati from all over the world can follow these roads to enter and leave the capital. The location of the capital determines the flow of literati, and the migration of the capital means the transfer of literati flow and the adjustment of literary resources. During the Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty, Guanzhong was the capital, which originally had superior conditions for the development of literature. However, literature could not keep pace with the development of transportation at that time, so there were no frontier travel poems in the Guanlong area during the Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty. After the Western Han Dynasty, the capital was moved from Guanzhong. The capital of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties was further away in Jiankang. The center of gravity of the country was in the central and eastern parts of the mainland. Scholars rarely went to the northwest inland. Although the Sui and Tang Dynasties established Guanzhong, the rise of literature could not keep pace with the move of the political center. In the early prosperous Tang Dynasty, the main border towns were in the western region of Helong. Among the border towns belonging to Ningxia, there was only Shuofang Jiedushi. However, scribes in the prosperous Tang Dynasty had more choices when traveling. Although there was a military town called Shuofang, scribes did not write many poems about their travels. It was the middle and late Tang Dynasty that really formed a creative momentum. During this period, the borders moved inward, and the imperial examination system and the official selection system were implemented on a regular basis. Since both systems select highly qualified people and have a high elimination rate, a large number of unqualified scribes and failed officials find no way out every year. At this time, ten towns including Fengxiang, Jingyuan, Binning, Lingzhou, Fengzhou Tiande Army, Zhongshoujiangcheng Anbei Protectorate, Shengzhou Zhenwu Army, Xia Sui, Yifang, and Taiyuan were all close to Beijing. It has become the first choice place for visiting candidates, scholars, candidates, and staff. Shen Yazhi's "Records of the Longzhou Governor's Office" narrates this: "In the past, when the Rong were controlled in Anxi and Hanhai, Long and Qian were blocked for thousands of miles... Now from the west of Shanggui and Qingshui, six towns and fifty counties have lost their territory. , the land was Rongtian, the city was Ronggu, the people were Rong slaves, Gulong, Jing, Yan, and Ling were all listed as extreme fortresses, and Longyi was the national road. "At this time, the geographical environment and social appearance west of Ningxia were" At dusk, there are only wild geese coming from the north, but when the ground is cold and the weather is cold, there are no states at all. If you are not forced to make a living, you will not go to such a place easily. The roads between the towns are far away, often hundreds of miles, and a lot of time is spent traveling to the border towns. It is against this background that the poems about traveling to the border areas were written. In this sense, from the Middle Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, there was a literary production field in the west and north of Beijing that promoted the creation of frontier travel poems. If you add a description, it is a large circle that the Tang people traveled around based on the four cities of Chang'an-Taiyuan-Lingzhou-Fengxiang. Its establishment did not rely on literary societies and literary journals to establish publishing positions and form a team of authors as it does today, but relied on the combined force of the three elements of city, transportation, and institutional construction, and the resulting two promoters: one One hand is the establishment of the national capital in Guanzhong, the rise of new cities, the acceleration of transportation construction, and the formation of a network of public and private roads; the other hand is the construction of the imperial examination, civil election, square towns, and shogunate systems. The function of the first hand is to provide a fixed creative space and an independent geographical environment for wanderers, while the function of the second hand is to organize creative staff and cultivate a team of authors. Since the imperial examination, Fangzhen, and shogunate systems are all annual, relying on institutional arrangements can ensure that a large number of authors invest in them every year, which can be managed in the long run. The creation of frontier travel poems will be normalized rather than temporary. Things.
Dense cities, convenient transportation, and short distances have created convenience for literati to travel. The candidates often take advantage of the opportunity to complete the previous round of imperial examinations and selections in the early spring of each year to carry out "tourism", and then return to Beijing before the next imperial examinations and selections begin. Traveling from Beijing, no matter west or east, takes several months at a time, from spring to autumn. The route taken is a public and private road from west to north of Beijing. According to the first volume of Yan Gengwang's "Transportation Illustrations of the Tang Dynasty" "Guannei District of Kyoto", there are five transportation routes from the capital to northern Xinjiang in the middle and late Tang Dynasty: one is the Chang'an to Taiyuan Post Road, the second is the Tonglingzhou Post Road in the northwest of Chang'an, and the third is the Tongling Prefecture Post Road in the northwest of Chang'an. The north of Chang'an leads to the post road of Tiande Army in Fengzhou, the fourth is the post road of Zhenwu Army in Shengzhou in the northeast of Chang'an, and the fifth is the post road of Tiande Army in the east to Yunzhong and Shanyufu. Except for the fifth road, which runs east-west, the rest run north-south.