Absolute surplus value production and relative surplus value production are two basic methods for capitalists to exploit surplus value.

1? Absolute surplus value production (1) The meaning of absolute surplus value production refers to the method of producing surplus value by absolutely extending the working day without changing the necessary working time.

(2) the length of the working day? The significance of relative surplus value production (1)

The production of relative surplus value refers to the method of producing surplus value by shortening the necessary labor time and relatively extending the surplus labor time under the condition that the working day length is unchanged.

(2) the conditions of relative surplus value production

The condition of relative surplus value production is the improvement of labor productivity of the whole society.

3? The relationship between absolute surplus value production and relative surplus value production (1) From the exploitation of wage labor by capital, the two are essentially the same.

(2) Absolute surplus value production is the general basis of capitalist exploitation and the starting point of relative surplus value production.

(3) They have different material and technical foundations and have different functions in different historical stages of capitalist development.

Understanding tips:

Pay attention to distinguish absolute surplus value, relative surplus value and excess surplus value.

Absolute surplus value production and relative surplus value production

Basic methods of capitalist surplus value production. Create surplus labor by extending the working day

With the increase of dynamic time, surplus value production is absolute surplus value production. Under the capitalist system, the working day for hiring workers is divided into two parts: necessary labor time and surplus labor time. Under the condition of constant necessary labor time, the longer the working day and the longer the surplus labor time, the more surplus value it creates and the higher the surplus value rate, that is, the degree of exploitation.

Therefore, capitalists always try to extend the working day to produce surplus value. horse

Alex said: "extend the working day beyond the production of workers' own labor." "

The equivalent point of force value, and this part of surplus labor is occupied by capital.

Dynamic, this is the production of absolute surplus value. "(The Complete Works of Marx and Engels)

Vol. 23, p. 557) For example, in a working day of 12 hours, workers

The necessary labor time is 6 hours, and the remaining labor time is 6 hours, then

The surplus value rate is 100%. If the necessary working hours remain unchanged, capital

If the working day is extended to 15 hours, the remaining working time will be reduced from 6.

When the number of hours increases to 9 hours, the surplus value rate increases to 150%. capital

Economists are insatiable about surplus value, and his pursuit of surplus value is endless.

Yes, so he always tries to extend the working day. The length of the working day is a variable, which can

The amount of change. But the change of the working day is not endless, it can only be in a certain

There are maximum and minimum restrictions on the length of the working day. workday

The minimum value is difficult to determine. The essence of capitalist production determines the workers.

The necessary working hours can only be a part of the working day, not its

All of them. This is because, if the working day and the necessary labor time are equal, capital

Without surplus value, capitalism will lose its foundation of existence.

Foundation. Therefore, the working day will not be shortened in any case to match the necessary working hours.

Wait a minute. The upper limit of the working day can be determined, which is determined by two factors.

Sue: First, due to the physiological factors of workers, they work 24 hours a day.

In order to meet their needs, they should always spend some time eating, sleeping and resting.

Management needs, so as to restore physical strength; Second, it is influenced by social and moral factors.

About, workers must have some time to engage in cultural studies and take care of their families.

The needs of life, that is, to meet their spiritual life and social activities,

The quantity of this demand depends on the economic and cultural development of a country.

The situation determines. Determined by the above two factors, the maximum working day can't wait.

In the natural length of a day and night-24 hours. However, physical boundaries and society

Moral boundaries have great flexibility, so in the real life of capitalism,

In China, there are different working days. The actual length of the working day is determined by Lao.

The strength of buyers and sellers is determined by comparison. According to the law of commodity exchange,

Capitalists buy labor according to its daily value, so they get it.

Mercenary capitalists always try their best to delay in order to win the right to use the labor force for one day.

A long working day; Similarly, according to the law of commodity exchange, workers insist on the seller's

Limit the working day to the normal length and oppose the right of capital.

The economist overstretched the working day and overused his labor. "So here it is.

There are antinomy, right and right are opposite, and both rights are the same.

The sample is recognized by the Commodity Exchange Law. Between equal rights, strength rises.

Determine the role. "("The Complete Works of Marx and Engels "Volume 23, page 262) because

Well, the actual length of the working day depends on the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.

The power contrast between them. When the bourgeoisie is relatively strong, the working class cannot move forward.

When you strongly resist, you will be forced to accept longer working days; the working class

Level strength gradually growing, and the bourgeoisie, assets

This class will be forced to accept the request to shorten the working day. In the development of capitalism,

In the early days, extending the working day was the basis for capitalists to improve the degree of exploitation of workers.

This method. At the same time, in addition to extending the working day, capitalists have also taken improvement measures.

The method of labor intensity, because it is the same as extending the working day, workers should also eliminate it.

Consume more physical and mental energy. Therefore, the surplus comes from the improvement of labor intensity.

Surplus value production is also the production of absolute surplus value.

However, capitalists squeeze surplus value by extending working days.

There is always a limit to everything. On the one hand, it is due to the objective boundary of the working day itself.

Limit; On the other hand, it is the struggle of the working class. These two aspects are to some extent.

In fact, capitalists are restricted from extending the working day indefinitely. In this way, it can only be generalized.

The working day method can no longer satisfy the capitalist's infinite pursuit of surplus.

The desire for value. Therefore, capitalists have a certain length of working days.

Next, by changing the two components of the working day, we can shorten the necessary labor.

Dynamic time, correspondingly extend the surplus labor time, so as to improve the surplus value.

Rate, get more surplus value. If the length of workers' working days is 12.

When the necessary labor time and the remaining labor time are 6 hours, the remaining

The value rate is 100%. Now, if working hours remain the same, capitalists will

Shorten the working time to 4 hours, and the remaining working time will be correspondingly reduced from 6 hours.

Increase to 8 hours, then the surplus value rate will be from the past 100%. rise

When it reaches 200%, the surplus value squeezed by capitalists will increase accordingly. this

Under the condition that the length of the working day remains unchanged, the necessary working hours can be shortened.

The corresponding way to extend the surplus labor time and produce surplus value is called

Do relative surplus value. The surplus value produced in this way is

Production of relative surplus value.

Relative surplus value is achieved by shortening the necessary labor time, reducing

Shortening the necessary labor time is to improve labor productivity and reduce the means of subsistence.

Understand the value of. Because the length of necessary labor time is determined by the labor force.

The value of labor is determined by the workers and their families.

The value of necessary means of subsistence. The means of subsistence consumed by workers are

In many ways, the value of labor force is composed of the value of many different commodities.

It's over. The value of commodities is contrary to the social labor productivity of producing commodities.

Than. Therefore, only in the production of workers' necessary means of subsistence departments, and

In the departments that provide these departments with means of production, the labor force has generally increased.

Productivity, reducing the value of workers' necessary means of subsistence, thus making labor

When the value of strength decreases, the necessary labor time is shortened, and the remaining labor time is correspondingly reduced.

Ground extension. Therefore, the production of relative surplus value is to improve the whole society.

Labor productivity, thus reducing labor value and shortening necessary labor time.

Intermittent conditions.

Absolute surplus value production and relative surplus value production are surplus value.

The quantitative relationship of mutual restriction. Agriculture, light industry and heavy industry are the national economy.

As an important part of enterprises, they have close production and internal relations.

Proportion. Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy and the main means of subsistence for human beings.

In terms of source, its development can provide more impetus for the development of industry and other departments.

More means of subsistence, raw materials, labor, capital and market. Promote the national economy.

Economic development; Heavy industry is the leading factor of national economy, which is very important to the whole national economy.

Create an advanced material foundation and equip books with advanced science and technology and equipment.

Departments and other departments play a leading role in the development of these departments.

Use; Light industry is mainly a department that produces consumption materials, which is very important for production and development.

The improvement of people's life is extremely important. Give priority to developing production according to the means of production.

France, the development of heavy industry is generally faster than agriculture and light industry.

Speed of development. However, heavy industry cannot be separated from agriculture and light industry in isolation.

Surface development, the means of production produced by heavy industry, is ultimately for production and consumption.

Materials; At the same time, heavy industry relies on agriculture and light industry to provide consumption data.

Enough development. With the development of agriculture and light industry, heavy industry has a reliable foundation; only

Only by providing advanced technology and equipment for agriculture and light industry can heavy industry be popularized.

The overall development of agriculture and light industry.

Since agriculture and light industry are basically departments that produce consumption materials,

The owner of heavy industry is the department that produces the means of production, and the ratio of the two is close.

Departments basically reflect the proportional relationship between the two major departments of social production. straight

Correctly handling the relationship between agriculture, light industry and heavy industry can basically

Maintain the balance between the two categories of social production and make social reproduction develop in a coordinated way.

Socialist countries should take the relationship between agriculture, light industry and heavy industry as the principle, and take economic benefits

Focus on efficiency, and rationally arrange the proportion of agriculture, light industry and heavy industry: (1) Focus on agriculture.

Foundation, when allocating financial resources, material resources and manpower, we must first ensure the development of agriculture.

The needs of; (2) to adapt the development speed and scale of light industry, heavy industry and agriculture.

It should be compatible with development and bearing capacity, and should not exceed the limit that agriculture can bear.

Degree, to ensure that there is enough labor and agricultural products can be used; (3) Reasonable

Arrange the internal structure of heavy industry to adapt to its own development and agriculture and light industry

The requirements of industrial development ensure that the national economy is equipped with advanced means of production.

Department; (4) The plan should be arranged in the order of agricultural severity.

On the basis of development speed and production scale, according to market demand and agricultural development.

Arrange the development speed and scale of light industry production for conditions, and then root

According to the needs and possibilities of agriculture and light industry, arrange the development speed of heavy industry.

And scale.