However, in the history of Russia, there have also been difficult periods of geological work. At the beginning of the 20th century, the domestic supply situation of mineral raw materials was not good, which caused great panic. Therefore, the state began to take measures to strengthen geological work related to mining. However, at that time, foreign capital still dominated the mining and metallurgical industries in Russia.
19 15 The Russian Academy of Sciences has established the Natural Resources Research Committee, whose task is to count all the natural wealth of the country.
Scholars believe that Russia's mineral raw materials sector has experienced the following key historical stages in its development:1900 ~1914-the stage of relatively stable economy; 1914 ~1922-world war I, civil war, foreign interference; 1922 ~1927-the post-war national economic recovery stage; 1927 ~ 194 1 year-industrialization stage; 1941~1945-the great stage of the Great Patriotic War; 1945 ~1950-restoring the economy destroyed by the war; 1950 ~ 199 1 year-rapid growth stage and late recession stage of industrial production; 199 1 ~ 200 1 year-the stage of disintegration, reconstruction and national economic collapse of the Soviet Union.
/kloc-in the 20th century, Russia made great achievements in the utilization of underground resources. For example, in Urals, the best cast iron and steel in the world at that time were extracted from local iron ore and coal, and a new metallurgical complex was established in the south by using the iron ore and stone coal in Donbass. At that time, Russia's oil production (Baku) and platinum production (Urals) ranked first in the world. In addition, the amount of gold mining also ranks first, and a huge gold reserve (up to 2000 tons) has been established, which has played the role of an insurance fund for the country. Due to the great achievements of the mining industry, by the end of 19, Russia had built a considerable railway network, and almost all residents could use kerosene lamps for lighting.
However, by the end of 19, due to the wrong management mode of foreign entrepreneurs, they only cared about the immediate profits, ignored or even weakened the geological work serving the mine, and the mining industry in China began to decline. The Geological Committee was established in 1882, and there were only 30 qualified geologists in the early 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia's mineral raw material base was very limited.
By 1927, the national economy had successfully recovered to the pre-war level and began to accelerate the pace of national industrialization. Dozens to hundreds of newly discovered and proven mineral deposits have been built and put into use one after another, laying the foundation for realizing Russian industrialization. For the first time in history, according to the results of geological exploration, a national development strategic plan was promulgated in the form of a five-year plan. At the same time, geological exploration has become the object of long-term concern. In the five-year plan before the war, China focused on the development and perfection of industrial production in the eastern region. For example, a new metallurgical center can be built on the basis of iron ore in the Ural Magnetic Mountain and coal in Kuzbas. Similarly, non-ferrous metallurgical plants have been built in Urals and Altai, and chemical enterprises have been built in the eastern region.
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union had actually achieved self-sufficiency in mineral raw materials (except diamonds). While vigorously developing the traditional mining industry, a number of new mining enterprises have been established.
The main reason for this achievement is that the state has established a geological exploration management organization: except for the All-Soviet Geological Work Committee, each mine people's committee has its own geological exploration management office, thousands of investigation and exploration teams are fighting in the wild, and 12 colleges and universities have trained cadres for them (by 1933, the number of qualified experts working in geological exploration units has reached 5955). The Academy of Sciences has set up more than a dozen research institutes of geological sciences, the Geological Working Committee has set up five large-scale research institutes of mineral raw materials, and there are also a number of research institutes specializing in new technologies and designs of geological engineering.
From 194 1 to 1942, during the most difficult period of the Great Patriotic War, all the industrial centers in the western Soviet Union fell. A large number of iron mines, coal mines, mercury mines, bauxite mines, tungsten mines, molybdenum mines, nickel mines and kaolin mines in Donbass and the suburbs of Moscow, and crystal mines in Ukraine all fell into Dekou's hands, and many large metallurgical and machinery manufacturing plants, including the famous Stalingrad tractor factory, were also devastated. I have to admire the foresight of China's mineral raw material policy at that time. Even in such a difficult and critical time, the geological exploration work and the construction of raw material base in China have not collapsed. We explored hundreds of mineral deposits in the post-Ural region in time, and made up for the loss of land and resources in the west taken by Dekou in time. It was during the Great Patriotic War that we began to develop the second Baku (located in the south of Urals) and Urals bauxite mines, build the largest lead mines in Altai, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, build mercury mines in Kyrgyzstan and build tungsten mines in eastern Kazakhstan. The tungsten mine in Uzbekistan was developed from June 194 1 to June 2 1, and the first batch of tungsten concentrate was produced three months later. Tin industrial bases have been built in the Far East ... There is no need to list them one by one. All this is due to the selfless work of geologists and miners to ensure the mineral raw materials urgently needed by military factories.
The experience of World War II tells us that the national defense strength of any country first depends on its own mineral raw material potential. At the first local election meeting of the Supreme Soviet after the war, Stalin pointed out that it is an important task to strengthen the reproduction of the country's mineral raw material base in order to prevent any unexpected events that may occur in the future, and demanded that industrial production be restored to the pre-war level in a short time. At that time, high-standard production targets were put forward: the annual output of pig iron reached 50 million tons, steel 60 million tons, coal 500 million tons and oil 60 million tons.
After the war, the development of the national mineral raw material base showed an upward trend. In order to facilitate the centralized management of geological exploration, the Soviet Ministry of Geology was established. Geologists have made a number of epoch-making discoveries, including the discovery of oil in western Siberia, natural gas in Siberia, nickel, copper and silver in Norilsk, diamonds in Yakutia (since then, the Soviet Union has been completely self-sufficient in various mineral resources), gold in eastern Siberia and western Uzbekistan, uranium in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Baikal, potassium salt in Belarus, and tin in the border area of Khabarovsk and southern Urals. It has been found that the exploration work in the mining area has been completed quickly and can be put into mining in a short time if necessary. By the mid-1980s, China's mining output reached its peak. During this period, we have a strong reserve base, which can meet the needs of expanding the exploitation of various mineral raw materials. The national geological department ensures that the growth of mineral reserves is ahead of the consumption rate of operating mine resources.
During the period of the former Soviet Union, we could systematically organize advanced geological surveys and organize teams in major scenic spots to carry out geological surveys commensurate with the importance of the region. In more than ten years, we have established a national underground resources research system, conducted unified management, and screened out various mineral targets with the best prospects and the most need for in-depth research and verification from rich data.
Authoritative geologists generally believe that the complete geological work management system before the disintegration of the Soviet Union has been seriously damaged. The Russian Federation has begun to lose some sources of rare mineral raw materials: manganese mines distributed in Ukraine, Georgia and Kazakhstan, chromium mines in Kazakhstan, uranium mines distributed in Ukraine, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, titanium and kaolin mines in Ukraine, and mercury mines in Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. Just one figure can be alarming: the number of professionals engaged in geological work has decreased by 90%. At present, China's new reserves can't keep up with the loss of underground resources (mined-out), and many mining enterprises can't adapt to the competition under the market economy, resulting in a continuous decline in the total mining volume. Under the background of rising world mining output, except uranium, lead, tungsten, mercury and asbestos, Russian mining has been declining, and some important minerals (such as rare metals) have completely stopped mining.
After the cancellation of the Ministry of Geology of the Soviet Union, the state handed over the management right of mineral resources to 65,438+053 state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises, scientific research-production consortia and scientific research institutions, including 2 large consortia, 52 production consortia, 7 scientific research-production consortia, 32 scientific research and design units, 9 factories, 8 technical schools and other enterprises engaged in production and social security.
Later, many geological prospecting units were divided into smaller units in the wave of "restructuring", and these geological prospecting teams were handed over to mining enterprises when 199 1 ~ 1992 was privatized. This work continued until 1994. According to the spirit of Presidential Decree No.942 of the Russian Federation and the national privatization program of1May 6, 1994, only 87 of the 384 enterprises are still owned by the state, and their main task is to complete the social geological survey proposed by the Federation.