Ranking of the hardest substances in the world: carbyne sulfide, graphene, hexagonal diamond, wurtzite boron nitride, metallic glass.

1. Sulfide carbyne From a current scientific perspective, sulfide carbyne is the most stable and hardest object in the world.

As a substance with an extremely simple structure, sulfide carbyne consists of a string of single atoms.

The tensile height of carbyne sulfide is three times that of diamond, and its tensile strength is twice that of graphene. The strength of carbyne, a one-dimensional linear ribbon of carbon atoms, is harder and stronger than any other material.

The strong hardness is unprecedented and unrivaled.

2. Graphene Graphene is a flat single layer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice, and is the basic building block of all other dimensional graphite materials.

It can be packed into zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, rolled into one-dimensional (1D) nanotubes or stacked into three-dimensional (3D) graphite.

It is 200 times stronger than steel and has a tensile modulus (stiffness) of 1 TPA ??(150,000,000 psi).

A 1 square meter graphene hammock can support a 4 kilogram cat, but weighs only a cat’s whiskers, 0.77 milligrams.

3. Hexagonal diamonds. Hexagonal diamonds produced in laboratories are harder than natural diamonds. In 1967, the General Electric Company of the United States produced a crystal with a similar refractive index and density to diamonds.

However, this crystal composed of carbon atoms is not an equiaxed mineral, but has hexagonal symmetry.

It is an excellent alternative for machining, drilling or any type of cubic diamond application.

4. Wurtzite boron nitride Wurtzite boron nitride is the same as the familiar cubic boron nitride. They are artificial superhard materials that do not exist in nature and have very excellent properties; they have high density, high hardness, and are resistant to iron.

The chemical inertness of group metals and their alloys is much better than that of diamond, they have good electrical insulation, and their thermal conductivity is second only to diamond and higher than that of metallic copper.

5. Metallic glass Metallic glass, also known as liquid metal or amorphous alloy, is a kind of glass made of palladium microalloy. Most of it is directly frozen from liquid state.

The production cost is low and it is a new material with broad application prospects.

Its characteristics are that it has extremely high strength and is not as brittle as glass. Its density is not high and its mass is lighter than many alloys.