geography
Most of Egypt is desert, with yellow sand rolling. Only where the Nile River washes away is the green belt that breeds Egypt. The area of 1/30 has gathered more than 90% of the population of Egypt. Egypt is one of the ancient civilizations in the world and is greatly influenced by religion. The world-famous pyramids are the product of ancient Egyptians worshiping the concept of eternity. At present, there are more than 80 pyramids in Egypt, the largest of which is the pyramid of King Kuf. In addition to the pyramids, the Sphinx is also a representative of Egypt, and the exquisite mysteries of these two buildings are still difficult to solve even in today's 2 1 century when science is developed.
history
Chronology of ancient Egypt
The first dynasty: 3200 ~ 2850 BC. From menes to Qatar, there are eight pharaohs.
The second dynasty: 2850 ~ 2686 BC. From Hotepseknemoui to kask, there are six pharaohs.
Ancient Kingdom or Memphis Empire (2686 ~ 2 BC181year)
The third dynasty: 2686 ~ 26 BC13 years. From Neteriknet-Djeser in Natri to Houni, * * * has five kings. Jossel's rule was the beginning of power and victory. At this time, a magnificent stone building represented by the stepped pyramid building in Shakala appeared. Imhotep, the architect, writer and scholar of the complex, became one of the first great men in history books. This era is a period of the development of a powerful centralized monarchy. The monarch sat in Memphis and appointed the governor to rule the country.
The fourth dynasty: 26 BC13 ~ 2494. From Snefrou to Skepseskaf, there were six or seven pharaohs. Judging from the grandeur of the pyramids, the rule of Snefru, Khufu and harff was the peak of this era. The pyramids built in Dashar, Merton and Kisa show the good governance and economic prosperity of the dynasty.
The fifth dynasty: 2494 ~ 2345 BC. From Uzer to Unas, there were nine pharaohs. The most famous are Sahoure and Djedkare-Isesi.
In the fifth dynasty, the consciousness of "sun worship" developed rapidly, and the famous pyramid inscription was engraved on the wall of the Wunis pyramid in Shakara.
The sixth dynasty: 2345 ~ 2 BC181year. From Titi I to Queen Nitocris, the seven kings include Pepi I and Pepy II who lived for hundreds of years.
Although the Sixth Dynasty was famous for its military and commercial expeditions as far away as the southern tip of Africa, Memphis, a place where some governors kept expanding and concentrating in history, was threatened and caused civil strife.
The first transitional period (2181~1991BC)
Seventh dynasty: only ruled for 70 days.
The eighth dynasty: 2 18 1 ~ 2 130 BC. * * * There were eight to twenty-seven pharaohs, but their names were not recorded.
The ninth dynasty to the tenth dynasty: 2 130 ~ 2040 BC in the north. There are six pharaohs, three of whom are called Katie.
Eleventh dynasty: 2 130 ~ 2040 BC in the south. * * * There are three pharaohs.
Montuhotep II unified the whole country in 2050 BC, and the Thebes monarch of the 1 1 dynasty ruled the whole of Egypt. Although this makes their hometown Thebes more and more important, it is still not enough to replace Memphis. The rulers of Thebes had to travel back and forth in fashion, and built palaces and small towns such as Yiti-Tawi at the entrance of Fayoum in the 12 dynasty. The dynasty moved the center of power northward without giving up Thebes, indicating that the powerful centralized government was gradually restored.
The Middle Kingdom or the First Empire of Thebes (BC 199 1 ~ 1786)
The end of the eleventh dynasty: 2060 ~ 2000 BC. Three Montuhot elders unified Egypt for the first time around 2040 BC.
Twelfth dynasty: 2000 ~ 1786 BC. Seven pharaohs were named Amon Hamat or Sesot Rees, and the last ruler was Queen Nefirul of Zeebek.
Like other countries in the world, stability and turmoil always appear alternately. The provincial decentralization forces and other forces unknown in history destroyed the Thebes regime inherited from the twelfth dynasty, and Egypt was divided into many vassal States.
The second transitional period (BC 1786 ~ BC 1567)
13th to 14th dynasties: BC 1786 ~ BC 1674. There are about forty pharaohs, some of whom are named Sebehotep. Some pharaohs ruled the northern, central and southern old French areas at the same time. Since BC 1730, these kings have only been vassals of Pharaoh Hikso.
Fifteenth to sixteenth generations: BC 1674 ~ BC 1567. The 16th dynasty is called "Little Sissok" dynasty, which only exists in the eastern delta. There were five pharaohs in the Great Sissok Dynasty, including one Khyan and two Apopi.
Seventeenth dynasty: BC 1674 ~ 1567. Ten pharaohs ruled Thebes and its surrounding areas. They are vassals of Sissok. The last three pharaohs, Ta 'a I, Ta 'a II and Ka Mosis, began to struggle with the Sissok people in the north.
The New Kingdom or the Second Kingdom of Thebes (BC 1567 ~ 1085)
Eighteenth dynasty: 1567 ~ 1320 BC. From Ahmosis to Horan Heb, * * * has fourteen monarchs, including four Bittemos and four Amenorfis. Empress Ashipusu, Empress Ahnatun and Empress Tutankhamun all belonged to this dynasty.
The 19 dynasty: 1320 ~ 1200 BC. Nine pharaohs of Ramses, including Ramesses I II and seti i II. Twentieth dynasty: BC 1200 ~ 1085. Ten monarchs, except the first named Sethnakht, are all named Ramses.
The third transitional period (BC 1085 ~ 7 15 years)
The 2nd1dynasty: 65438 BC+0085 BC ~ 945 BC. In tanis, there are Daisy, Pusunas I and II. Rehor and Pinajem ruled Thebes.
Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic:? ), referred to as Egypt (Arabic:? Misr or Masr) is the most populous country in northeast Africa, with an area of10.02 million square kilometers and a population of 74710.8 million; Egypt is one of the ancient civilizations in the world. Geographically, the country spans two continents: Asia and Africa. The Sinai Peninsula is located in southwest Asia (West Asia), and most of the country's territory is located in North Africa. Islam is the state religion, and its followers are mainly Sunnis, as well as Christianity and other religions. The official languages are Arabic, English and French.
geography
Egypt covers an area of 65,438+0,006,5438+0,550 square kilometers, spanning Asia and Africa, most of which are located in the northeast of Africa, and the Sinai Peninsula east of the Suez Canal is located in the southwest of Asia. Egypt has a unique geographical position: on land, it connects Asia and Africa; At sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean are also connected with the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. Therefore, Egypt has been a battleground for military strategists since historical records. At present, Egypt is bordered by Libya in the west, Sudan in the south, the Red Sea, Palestine and Israel in the east and the Mediterranean Sea in the north.
95% of Egypt is desert. The highest peak is Banat Mountain in Chaeb, with an altitude of 2 187 meters. The Nile is the longest river in the world, running through the whole territory from south to north, with a total length of 65,438+0,350 kilometers. A narrow river valley with a width of about 3- 1.6 km is formed on both banks, and a delta of 24,000 square kilometers is formed in the north of the capital Cairo. The valleys and deltas on both sides of the river only account for 4% of Egypt's total area, but 99% of Egypt's population lives in compact communities. Suez Canal is the main road connecting Asia, Africa and Europe. The main lakes are Great Bitter Lake and Tinsa Lake, and Nasser Reservoir (5,000 square kilometers), the largest artificial lake in Africa formed by Aswan High Dam. It is dry and rainy all over the country. The Nile Delta and the northern coastal areas belong to the Mediterranean climate, with an average temperature of 65438 02℃ in 10 and 26℃ in July. The average annual precipitation is 50-200mm. Most of the rest areas belong to tropical desert climate, which is hot and dry. The temperature in desert area can reach 40℃, and the average annual precipitation is less than 30 mm. There is often a Pentecostal wind from April to May every year, which brings sand and gravel and harms crops.
administrative division
Egypt is divided into 27 provinces, consisting of 5 city provinces, 8 upper Egypt provinces, 9 lower Egypt provinces and 5 border provinces in desert areas.
Eight provinces in Upper Egypt:
Mingya (? ),
Beni Suwef (),
Fayoum (? ),
Asyut()，
Aswan (),
Sohaj()，
Kina ().
Nine provinces of Lower Egypt:
Daigai Hellier (? ),
Bukhara (),
The west (),
Ismailia (),
Minuf(？ ),
Geleyoub()，
East (),
Dumat (),
Sheikh village (? )
Five border desert provinces:
The Red Sea (),
New valley (? ),
Matru()，
South Sinai (? ? ),
North Sinai (? ? )。
These five provinces and cities are:
Cairo (),
Alexandra (? ),
Port Said (),
Suez (? ),
Luxor (? )。
The Pyramid of Giza near Cairo, Egypt [Editor]
politics
September 197 1+0 1 referendum adopted the permanent constitution. According to the Constitution, Egypt is a country with a democratic socialist system based on the alliance of working people's power. There are three forms of economic ownership: state ownership, cooperative ownership and private ownership. The president is the head of state and the supreme commander of the armed forces. He was nominated by the People's Assembly and elected by referendum for a term of six years. He appointed vice presidents, prime ministers and cabinet ministers, and dissolved the People's Assembly. Emergency measures can be taken in special periods. When the people's assembly (legislature) is not in session, it can also issue decrees to govern. 1On May 22nd, 980, the Constitution was amended by referendum, stipulating that the political system was "based on multi-party system"; "The president can be re-elected for many times", and the provision of "establishing a consultative conference" has been added. The People's Assembly is the highest legislative body. Members are elected by universal suffrage for a term of five years. The main functions of parliament are: nominating presidential candidates; Presided over the formulation and revision of the Constitution; Decide on the major policies of the country; Approve economic and social development plans, state budgets and final accounts, and supervise government work. The consultation meeting was proposed by President Sadat in 1979 and written into the Constitution. 1 980165438+10/,the consultation meeting was formally established. Members ***2 10, of which two thirds are elected by all walks of life, organs and factions, and half of them should be workers and peasants; One third is appointed by the president. According to the constitution, the consultative conference is an advisory body that coexists with the people's assembly, but it has no legislative power and supervision power. The term of office is six years, and half of the members are re-elected within three years. They can be re-elected. The consultation meeting shall have a chairman and a vice-chairman.
Human population
Population: As of June 2004, the population of Egypt was about 70.55 million (including10.9 million overseas workers), and the population growth rate decreased by 3% compared with the same period of last year, reaching10.97%. Ethnic composition: Ham people (Egyptian, Bedouin, Berber) in the east account for 99%, and Greeks, Nubians, Armenians, Italians and French descendants account for 1%.
economy
(1) Overview
Since the 1952 revolution, Egypt's economy has gone through Nasser's socialist nationalization period, Sadat's open economy period, and Mubarak's policy adjustment and economic reform period based on the conditions put forward by western creditor countries.
During the Nasser period, Egypt carried out land reform, nationalized industry, commerce, banking, insurance, transportation and import and export trade, and relied on the Soviet Union to carry out "socialism" and "planned economy", so that industry and agriculture developed to a certain extent. However, due to the leftist policy and the long-term state of war, Egypt's economic development has been seriously affected. By the late 1960s, the growth rate had dropped to 1.5%.
After Sadat came to power, he implemented the open policy, absorbed a large amount of foreign capital, and developed private enterprises while emphasizing state-owned enterprises as the pillar. At the same time, the Suez Canal, which was closed for eight years, was opened, oil was exploited vigorously, remittances were encouraged, and tourism was developed. Private funds are concentrated in industries that are easy to make profits, such as commerce, which leads to a serious imbalance in the proportion of Egypt's national economic structure and makes ends meet. Through borrowing, foreign debt soared from $4 billion in 1970 to $30 billion in 1980.
After Mubarak took office, he pursued the internal and external policies of "peace, stability and development", which provided a good internal and external environment for economic development. Mu put economic work in an important position and gradually adjusted economic policies. First of all, we should emphasize productive openness and strive to change the serious imbalance in the proportion of the national economy. Pay attention to guiding foreign aid and foreign capital to productive projects, restrict imports, strive to realize the "Egyptian" of commodities, encourage exports at the same time, establish the consciousness of producing for export, and encourage the development of export-oriented industries; Second, emphasize macro-control and formulate long-term development plans for the national economy. Since Mu came to power, he has worked out four five-year plans for Egypt's economic development in different periods, put forward the first problems to be solved and the main development goals in each period, so that the economy can develop as planned under the guidance of the state, and made a long-term plan for Egypt's economic development in 2 1 century in view of the problems of excessive population growth and narrow living space. National key projects, such as the South Valley (also known as Tosika and East Aoweite Project), the North Sinai (Peace Canal), the East Port Said and the Northwest Suez Bay, have started one after another. It is planned to expand the land use area of Egypt from 5% to 25% by 20 17, and strive to achieve sustainable development. Third, implement prudent and gradual economic reforms. Strive to achieve fiscal and financial balance, reduce unemployment rate and inflation rate, increase foreign exchange reserves, maintain economic stability, expand structural reform through privatization, increase the proportion of private enterprises in the national economy, realize trade liberalization, and carry out financial reform. At the same time, resist external pressure, adhere to the gradual progress according to Egypt's national conditions, consider social affordability, take care of the interests of low-income people, and minimize the negative impact of the reform. Fourth, strengthen foreign exchange management and strive to increase foreign exchange income. 199 1 year 10 unified the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Egyptian pound (1 US dollar = about 3.40 Egyptian pounds), and decisively intervened in the market when it was hit by the Asian financial crisis to keep the exchange rate stable. Fifth, engage in economic diplomacy, strive for foreign aid in many ways, negotiate debt relief and restructuring with western creditor countries many times, actively cooperate with the United States and other western countries in the Gulf War and the Middle East peace process, and strive for a large amount of foreign aid and huge debt relief.
Since 199 1, Egypt has successfully implemented the economic reform plan signed with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The economic growth rate has increased year by year, the budget deficit has been lower than 1% of GDP for three consecutive years, the inflation rate and unemployment rate have been declining, the exchange rate has been basically stable, the foreign exchange reserves have increased to 15 months, and the foreign debt ratio and debt service rate are internationally recognized. From 65438 to 0998, Egypt's GDP reached 278.4 billion Egyptian pounds (81500 million US dollars), the economic growth rate was 5.7%, and the per capita GDP increased to 4,800 Egyptian pounds (14 10 US dollars), making it a middle-income country.
Due to the excessive investment in capital construction and the excessive growth of consumer goods imports in recent years, Egypt's economic growth rate slowed down from 65438 to 0999, and began to enter a recession. In the financial aspect, it is manifested as: the shortage of bank money, the increase of bad debts, the decline of foreign exchange reserves and the continuous fluctuation of exchange rate. The stock market is also falling continuously, and the total market value has shrunk by half compared with the high point of 1997. In the second half of 200 1, due to the increasingly tight foreign exchange reserves, the Egyptian government was forced to lower the exchange rate of the Egyptian pound several times, ending the stable state of the Egyptian pound in the past decade. At the beginning of 2002, the exchange rate of the Central Bank of Egypt was US$ 65,438 +0 = 4.5 1 Egyptian pound (the central exchange rate). Egypt's GDP in fiscal year 00/0/kloc-0 was 343.3 billion Egyptian pounds, which was converted into $7.6/kloc-0.0 billion at this exchange rate. The per capita income is about 1 150 dollars, which is much less than 1998.
Although the Egyptian government has taken a series of measures, such as tightening monetary policy, compressing the infrastructure front, actively seeking foreign aid, encouraging exports, restricting imports, providing bank credit and secured mortgages for exporters, it has not yet got out of the predicament.
(2) Agriculture
Egypt is a traditional agricultural country. Although cultivated land only accounts for 3% of the total area of the country, the labor productivity is relatively high, the output value of agricultural products accounts for 18% of GDP, and it absorbs13 of the employed population in the country, and the export of agricultural products accounts for 20% of all commodity exports.
Due to the comparative advantage of agriculture, with the wide popularization and use of modern technology, the optimization of crop seed structure, the development of high-yield genetically engineered crops, the provision of credit services, the introduction of new processing technologies and the strengthening of marketing services, Egypt's agricultural output and income have great growth potential.
From 198 1 to 1999, the cultivated land in Egypt increased from10.8 million feddan to 8 million feddan, and the crop area increased from 3.3 million feddan to10.45 million feddan.
Egypt's irrigation water resources come from the Nile, and the climate conditions are suitable, so it can be cultivated all over the country all year round. Located at the junction of Asia and Africa, Egypt has obvious advantages in regional cooperation and has become a major exporter of agricultural products in the region.
In the past few years, especially with the development of private economy in food processing industry, the Egyptian government has been actively promoting and encouraging private economy to invest in agriculture. The prices of agricultural inputs and agricultural products are completely marketized, and the private economy has the right to import and export agricultural products. In addition, the share of state-owned land and the proportion of state-owned agricultural services have also dropped significantly, the productivity and output of major crops have increased significantly, and agricultural exports have increased to 2.04 billion Egyptian pounds.
Cotton is the most important export crop in Egypt. Egypt's long-staple quilts are widely used as high-grade textile raw materials, and its super-long staple cotton has been selected by the world for decades. The cotton market was completely liberalized at 1994/ 1995, and the cotton spot and futures markets were restarted. The main winter crops in Egypt are wheat, soybeans, barley and onions. The main summer crops are cotton, rice, millet and sugarcane.
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(3) Industry
Egypt is one of the developed countries in Africa, and its industrial system has begun to take shape. However, its industrial base is weak, the industry development is unbalanced, the self-sufficiency rate of mechanical and electrical products is low, and the machinery manufacturing industry is mainly assembly. 200 1 year, industrial production accounts for 18.4% of its GDP.
Textile and food processing industry is a traditional industrial sector in Egypt, accounting for more than half of the total industrial output value. Petroleum, electric power, building materials, steel, cement, mining and metallurgy, automobile manufacturing, pharmacy, chemical industry and other industries also have certain strength. In recent years, the production of clothing and leather products, cement, fertilizer, pharmacy, ceramics and furniture has developed rapidly.
Egypt's industrial enterprises used to be dominated by the state, and the output value of its 375 state-owned enterprises accounted for about 60-70% of the industrial output value. However, some units in state-owned enterprises have suffered long-term losses and serious debts, and 66 enterprises are on the verge of bankruptcy, which has become a great burden to Egypt's national economy. Since the early 1990s, Egypt has been actively carrying out economic reforms with privatization as the main purpose. While improving the management of state-owned enterprises, efforts have been made to reduce their debts and give them more autonomy. The privatization of state-owned enterprises has been gradually implemented. At present, the Egyptian government has privatized 185 state-owned companies and enterprises by auction, and plans to continue to privatize other state-owned enterprises in batches. According to the latest data from the Egyptian Ministry of Industry, the number of private enterprises has accounted for 80% of the total number of industrial enterprises in Egypt, playing an increasingly important role.
Due to the aging equipment, backward production technology and the urgent need to improve the quality of employees, the production cost of Egyptian industry has increased, and the quality of products is difficult to guarantee, resulting in low competitiveness of products. Another major problem facing Egyptian industry is the modernization of industrial enterprises. Egypt has obtained special loans of 250 million euros and 1 billion dollars from the European Union and Japan respectively, and plans to implement a comprehensive transformation plan from 2002 to upgrade the modernization level of production enterprises, focusing on updating equipment, production lines and production processes, as well as labor quality training.
(4) Transportation
After President Mubarak came to power, Egypt vigorously developed infrastructure such as transportation. The investment in the three five-year plans is 63.6 billion Egyptian pounds, accounting for 17.7% of the total investment in the same period, and the transportation capacity of land, sea and air has increased rapidly. The Egyptian government has decided to invest 25 billion Egyptian pounds in the next five-year plan (from 2002 to 2007) for transportation, including 5.7 billion Egyptian pounds for roads, 6.4 billion Egyptian pounds for railways, 3.8 billion Egyptian pounds for sea transportation, 5.9 billion Egyptian pounds for air transportation and 3.2 billion Egyptian pounds for subways. Egyptian achievements in transportation in recent years mainly include: suspension bridge and railway bridge on Suez Canal completed in 200 1, Azhar underpass in Cairo, Luxor Airport and Metro Line 2.
1, expressway
198 1 year, Egypt has highways15298km, 1998 has 41300km, and 200 1 year has 48,000km.
2. Railways and subways
Egypt started to build railways in 185 1 year, and completed the first railway in China-Cairo-Alexandria railway line in 1852. It is the second country in the world with railways after Britain. The national railway network starting from Cairo connects major cities such as Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Luxor and Aswan.
198 1- 1998, Egypt's total investment in railways reached1300 million Egyptian pounds, and now the total value of railways is1800 million Egyptian pounds. The total length of Egyptian railway is nearly 654.38+0 million kilometers, and the daily passenger traffic currently exceeds one million passengers.
Cairo Metro 1987, which started operation in June, has two lines.
The first subway, with a total length of 43 kilometers, connects the railway station to Helewang and the Lemmon Bridge to Maierji. The underground part of the subway in the city center is 4.7 kilometers long, starting from Zainabai Station, passing through Sadat Station and Nasser Station in Jiefang Square, and reaching Mubarak Station in Ramses Square. It transports an average of 60,000 passengers per hour and millions of passengers at most every day.
The second subway starts from Sciabola and Hayman in the north, passes through the city center in the west and reaches Cairo University and Giza in the west, with a total length of 1 1 km. The third subway is planned from 1996, from Ibabo, which is densely populated in the west, to Azhar University and Saladin Castle in the old city in the east, with a total length of 29 kilometers. Japan and France are ready to provide project financing to the Egyptian government. When completed, Cairo will form an underground transportation network in the east, west, north and south.
Egypt Metro adopts the most advanced automatic ticketing and ticket checking system in the world, and the front end of the train is equipped with a female-only carriage to ensure the safety of women. Subway tickets are cheap, especially for students. The subway has become the most popular safe, comfortable and cheap means of transportation for Cairo citizens to go out.
3. Shipping and ports
The Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea is190.25km long, 280-345m wide and 22.5m deep. After the canal was officially opened to traffic in1869165438+10/7, the voyage from western Europe to the Indian Ocean was 8000- 10000 km shorter than that around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, making it one of the most important international canals in the world.
The main Egyptian ports are Alexandria, Said and Mijat in the Mediterranean, Suez and Sefaj in the Red Sea. The main ports under construction are Dongcheng Port and Sukhna Spring Port. The throughput of Egyptian ports 198 1 year was 26 million tons, and198 increased to 52 million tons. (Alexandria is the largest port with an annual throughput of 22 million tons. ) The development goal is to reach10/0/0.6 million tons in 20 17 years. 1997 Egyptian container throughput is1560,000 TEUs, and it is planned to reach 4.9 million TEUs by 20 17.
4. Aviation
198 1 year, there are 13 airports in Egypt, including 6 international airports. At present, the number of airports has increased to 22, including International Airport 10. In 2000, 2,654.38+400,000 passengers were transported. In 2006, 5438+0, only the "9. 1 1" incident transported174,000 passengers.
EgyptAir is one of the largest airlines in the Middle East and North Africa, with 4/kloc-0 aircraft and 3 cargo planes, and 83 international routes and 4/kloc-0 domestic routes. There are also four private airlines.
(5) Oil
Oil plays an extremely important role in Egypt's national economy and is one of the most important sources of foreign exchange. 65,438+00% of its GNP and 40% of its export income come from petroleum and its products. According to the latest statistics of the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum, in the fiscal year 2002-2003 (July 2002-June 2003), Egypt's export income of crude oil and petrochemical products was 365,438+0. Today, although Egypt is not a member of the International Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, it is still an important oil producer and exporter.
1. Regional petroleum geological characteristics of Egypt
Egypt's oil-producing areas can be divided into four parts according to geographical location, namely Suez Bay, Sinai Peninsula, western desert and eastern desert. Among them, the Suez production area has the largest crude oil output, accounting for 78% of Egypt's total oil output; Sinai peninsula accounts for 5%; Desert area * * * accounts for 17%. According to geological structure, it can be divided into five structural units: Mediterranean fault zone, western desert uplift and semi-buried zone, North Sinai fold zone, Suez red sea buried zone and Nantai zone. There are three main oil-producing basins:
1, North Egypt Basin
It consists of several sub-basins:
(1) North Sub-basin: covering an area of 50,000 square kilometers, 1966 discovered oil. At present, 77 exploratory wells/kloc-0 have been drilled and 54 oil fields have been discovered.
(2) katara Uplift: Located in the middle of the North Egyptian Basin, with an area of 9,250 square kilometers. At present, three small oil fields have been discovered.
(3) Abu Ghraidige sub-basin: covering an area of 65,438+600,000 square kilometers, drilling 1 well, and finding 2 oil fields.
2. Suez Basin
It is the most important oil-bearing basin in Egypt, located between the Red Sea Mountain in the west of Suez Bay and the Sinai Mountain in the east, covering an area of 23,000 square kilometers, and 46 oil fields have been discovered.
3. Nile Delta Basin
Located in the Nile Delta with an area of 60,000 square kilometers, it is a natural gas and condensation basin.
Second, the development of Egypt's oil industry.
1, the development of Egyptian oil
Since 1990s, Egypt has entered an active period of oil exploration and development, with an average of 52 wells drilled each year, with an average success rate of about 40%. At present, 54 oil fields have been put into development in Suez Basin and 50 in the western desert.
By the end of 2003, Egypt's proven oil reserves were 3.6 billion barrels, about 500 million tons; The reserves to be discovered are 3 1.1.800 million barrels, and the whole oil development potential is 6.71.800 million barrels, about1100 million tons. In terms of daily output, according to statistics, 1996 reached an all-time high of 922,000 barrels per day. In 2003, the daily output of Egyptian oil was 752,000 barrels, including 620,000 barrels of crude oil. According to the current level of development, Egypt's current oil potential can be exploited for nearly 30 years.
Meanwhile, according to the latest data, Egypt consumed an average of 558,000 barrels of oil per day in fiscal year 2003, and exported an average of 65,438+094,000 barrels of oil per day. (Source: Egyptian Ministry of Oil)
2. The development of Egypt's oil transportation industry
The main oil pipeline in Egypt is the Suez-Mediterranean pipeline, which is 320 kilometers long and is an international oil pipeline with an annual oil transportation capacity of 80 million tons. There are mainly two oil pipelines in China:
First, Suez to Cairo, 350 kilometers long, with an annual oil transportation capacity of 8 million tons;
Second, the annual oil transportation from the western desert to Alexandria is 7 million tons. Liquefied petroleum gas pipeline: 4 12km long from the south of Suez basin to Suez.
3. Development of Egypt's oil refining industry.
Another component of Egypt's oil industry is the oil refining industry, and its oil refining capacity ranks first in the African continent. Egyptian oil refining owners should be concentrated in several areas, including Cairo, Suez, Alexandria, Sinai and Upper Egypt. At present, * * * has nine oil refineries. In 2003? /ca & gt；