Micro-credit loan for farmers is an innovative product in credit management of rural credit cooperatives, which has three characteristics: small amount, facing "agriculture, countryside and farmers" and unsecured guarantee. Its popularization is an important measure for the country to strengthen the service function of credit supporting agriculture. From the practical point of view, the promotion of small-scale agricultural loans has achieved initial results, and the problems of farmers' "difficulty in lending" have been effectively alleviated, which has promoted the rural market, and at the same time adjusted the business direction of rural credit cooperatives, achieving a win-win performance of rural credit cooperatives. However, when we investigated at the grass-roots level, we found that at present, the benefits of micro-credit loans for farmers in border pastoral areas are narrow and the interest rate is high, which is difficult to reflect the purpose of supporting "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" in the construction of new socialist countryside and new pastoral areas. How to effectively use farmers' microfinance in border pastoral areas, better play its role, promote the process of building new countryside and new pastoral areas, and thus effectively improve the efficiency of farmers' microfinance, needs to be studied.

first, the problems faced by the development of micro-credit loans for farmers

(a) the evaluation of credit users and the promotion of micro-credit are not strong enough. Due to the poor credit environment in rural areas, the employees of credit cooperatives do not know enough about this work and think it is risky; Individual farmers have errors in understanding and understanding micro-credit loans, confusing them with free poverty relief, which leads to the slow development of this work. Taking Sunite Right Banner as an example, due to the serious natural disasters in successive years, coupled with the weak foundation of agriculture and animal husbandry, the single industrial structure, the poor social credit environment, and the lack of security for credit cooperatives' loans, there is a general "fear of loans" mentality. By the end of 21, there were 8,151 households in the jurisdiction, and 6,821 households were rated as "credit users" after the credit evaluation of farmers, accounting for 83.68% of the total number of farmers; There are 6,241 farmers with loan demand, 5,595 farmers who meet the loan conditions and issue loan cards, and 3,798 farmers actually get loans. The loan satisfaction rate of farmers is 6.86%, which is 2.14% lower than the same period. The maximum amount of micro-credit loans for farmers approved by the Banner Association is 3, yuan. At present, the micro-credit loans implemented by rural credit cooperatives are generally less than 5,-1, yuan. Credit cooperatives do not actively advocate expanding credit users and credit loans for their own business benefits.

(2) the risk awareness is weak. Some credit cooperatives do not pay much attention to the establishment of household income and expenditure accounts and economic activity files, and the evaluation team does not know enough about farmers' business activities and income status, and is influenced by human feelings, relationships and other factors, resulting in greater subjective blindness and randomness in farmers' credit rating. In addition, because the loan involves a wide range of farmers, and it is geographically dispersed, with a small amount and a large number of transactions, the manpower of credit cooperatives is limited, and its post-loan management is difficult to reach the designated position.

(3) The poor social credit environment, the lack of farmers' small loan guarantee mechanism and the loan risk make it impossible for loss-making credit cooperatives to promote small-scale agricultural loans. In some poor areas, due to the phenomenon of "prosecution is not accepted, acceptance is not held in court, judgment is not pronounced in court, judgment is not executed, and implementation is not complete", loan collection according to law cannot play its due deterrent role. On the contrary, the negative impact of "debt-paying households" who don't pay back their money makes some farmers who want to repay their loans also take a wait-and-see attitude, which makes it difficult to activate the funds of credit cooperatives and makes the funds invested in small-scale agricultural loans relatively short. Because farmers' micro-credit loans are guaranteed by farmers' reputation, which is different from mortgage-guaranteed loans, and the investment of micro-credit loans is basically concentrated in the traditional industries of agriculture and animal husbandry. The uncertainty of benefits caused by non-human factors such as natural conditions determines that micro-credit loans have certain risks.

(D) Lack of policy support. The promotion of small-scale agricultural loans involves thousands of households, with low success rate and high input cost. However, the historical burden of rural credit cooperatives is heavy, and there is no corresponding way to make up for the policy credit undertaken, especially in terms of taxation, which affects the effective promotion of small-scale agricultural loans.

(5) The quality of credit assets of some rural credit cooperatives is low, and the funds for agricultural reinvestment are insufficient. Every year, agricultural and animal husbandry loans are mainly provided by the People's Bank of China. Re-lending is a special fund, so the purpose of micro-credit loans issued by re-lending can only meet the basic needs of agricultural and animal husbandry production, but can not be used for consumer loans such as life, and there is a problem of single purpose of micro-credit loans. At the same time, due to the shortage of funds, micro-credit loans are generally issued once in the spring, and the management method of "one-time approval, loan with use, balance control and revolving use" cannot be realized.

(6) The credit line is low. Due to the restriction of social credit and local economy, credit cooperatives limit the loan amount of credit users to less than 5, yuan, which not only cannot meet the basic needs of credit farmers, but also is not conducive to the evaluation of credit users and the promotion of micro-credit loans because other farmers can obtain the same amount of funds through joint guarantee loans.

second, countermeasures and suggestions for the development of micro-credit loans for farmers

first, rural credit cooperatives in border areas should further expand the scope of micro-credit loans for farmers and improve their coverage. While continuing to support the development of farmers and herdsmen, we will expand the support of farmers' micro-credit loans to rural and pastoral economic cooperation organizations, and effectively enhance their penetration and driving role in the economy of "agriculture, rural areas and livestock husbandry". All agricultural and animal husbandry production and operation activities that conform to the national agricultural and animal husbandry policy and local economic development goals should be supported.

Secondly, rural credit cooperatives should expand the benefits of farmers' microfinance and reasonably determine the amount and duration. Differentiate the amount of loans, appropriately increase the limit, so that farmers' microfinance can meet the needs of the economic development level of rural pastoral areas in border pastoral areas. In terms of the loan term, we should change the traditional practice of "spring sowing, autumn harvesting and winter not lending" as soon as possible, and determine the loan term according to the production and operation activities of rural pastoral areas in border pastoral areas, so that the loan term is as consistent as possible with the production and operation cycle of agriculture and animal husbandry.

Thirdly, we should make scientific accounting and reasonably determine the interest rate. Rural credit cooperatives in border pastoral areas should strengthen the accounting of financial costs and operating profits in the formulation of loan interest rates, and make appropriate concessions to farmers and herdsmen from the principle of cultivating more customers. At the same time, we should further improve the relevant supporting measures: First, we should establish a micro-credit risk supervision and compensation mechanism to reduce the loan risk. Establish a risk compensation fund for farmers and herdsmen's microfinance in a timely manner. While strictly examining the loan operation, insisting on lending to households, strengthening the management of loan use and post-loan follow-up inspection, and strictly controlling the loan risk, it is suggested that the local government and rural credit cooperatives jointly establish a risk compensation fund for farmers' microfinance to solve the risk compensation problem of "financial independence is weak" due to its wide coverage, strong policy and high investment cost. Second, the local government, rural credit cooperatives and farmers and herdsmen jointly funded the establishment of farmers' microfinance loan guarantee fund to solve the problem of compensation for farmers' microfinance risks. Effectively improve the insurance system in rural pastoral areas and make up for the credit risk of rural credit cooperatives caused by natural disasters. Second, establish a financial preferential policy mechanism for farmers' small credit loans. First, reduce the business tax and income tax on the interest income of agricultural and animal husbandry loans; Second, the local finance gives financial subsidies to rural credit cooperatives with a certain proportion of farmers' microfinance business, so as to mobilize the enthusiasm of rural credit cooperatives to carry out this work; Third, the local finance should appropriately allocate some poverty alleviation funds to ensure the production and living expenses of low-income farmers and herdsmen, so as to improve the interest rate of low-income farmers and herdsmen's microfinance loan repayment. Third, establish a risk compensation mechanism for farmers' microfinance market. Drawing lessons from international and domestic experience, in the process of loan issuance, rural credit cooperatives should cooperate with the science and technology departments to train farmers and herdsmen in border pastoral areas on relevant industrial knowledge. Because farmers and herdsmen are vulnerable groups in the market, they are not sensitive to the rapidly changing market and do not know enough about many applicable technologies. Training can help farmers and herdsmen improve their ability to adapt to the market, thus effectively improving the use efficiency of microfinance for farmers and herdsmen.

(Author: Sunite Youqi Rural Credit Union)