The biggest shipwreck in world history.
1948? Jiang Yalun? 2300 people buried in the sinking of the Yangtze River estuary. Almost no one knows that an old passenger ship burned in Wenzhou on July 8, 2000 was worse than? Titanic? More tragic shipwreck protagonist, more than 2,300 people were killed? Jiang Yalun? . Recently, the new owners of this old passenger ship, Wu Jinlong and Chen Xiaoyu, expressed their willingness to send the remaining wooden rudder to the Zhejiang East Maritime Folk Museum for collection.
Many people may think that 19 12 April when the British Titanic sank in an icy sea was the biggest shipwreck in the world (number of victims 15 17). Actually 1948 happened in the Yangtze estuary of Shanghai? Jiang Yalun? The explosion and sinking caused more than 3,000 deaths, twice as much as the Titanic incident, and the cause of the accident is still controversial.
? Jiang Yalun? Brief introduction of passenger ship
1939 What was the original name of the passenger and cargo ship built by Jiang Yalun in Japan? Xingya pill? Length102.4m, width15.3m, depth of 4.7m and displacement of 3,730 tons. The original design can carry 1 186 people. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Jiang Yalun was accepted by the Navy General Command. In order to compensate the losses caused by the sinking of the State-owned China Merchants Bureau during the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government transferred five ships, including Jiangya, produced by the enemy to the Ministry of Communications to operate China Merchants Bureau. After the transformation of China Merchants, the ship can carry 2250 passengers, and it is one of the six passenger ships newly built by Shanghai Merchants. By the time of the crash, the ship was less than 10 years old, and its appearance and equipment were excellent at that time. Jiang Yalun's short-haul route to Ningbo, Shanghai 1946 sets sail, and the voyage is only 12 hours. Besides carrying passengers, it can also carry 1500 tons at a time. By the time of the crash, Jiang Yalun had made nearly 800 round trips on this route.
? Jiang Yalun? The process of explosion and sinking events
1at the end of 948, during the liberation war, the domestic situation was chaotic and factories and shops stopped production and closed. There is a custom in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces that foreigners need to return home to worship their ancestors before the winter solstice. The Liu Pu Wharf in Shanghai is crowded every day. 1948 65438+On February 3rd (69 years ago), Shanghai Shiliupu Wharf, as usual, showed a busy scene. On the day of the accident, the export report showed that there were 2,607 passengers, captain and crew 179, and cargo 175 tons (460 tons, all of which were ordinary non-dangerous groceries). In fact, there are many more passengers on board. According to the investigation and statistics of the aftermath committee of Jiangya ship tragedy, there are more passengers without tickets (such as soldiers who don't buy tickets) and children (children who don't buy tickets), 700 people make up tickets, and 100 people take the back door, actually carrying 4,000 passengers or even more than 4,600 people. 4 pm? Jiangya? The passenger ship, full of passengers and goods, set sail from Pier 3, Shiliupu, Shanghai for Ningbo.
18: 45 to Bailonggang sea channel outside Wusongkou. The third cabin behind the starboard side of "Jiangya" suddenly sounded like thunder (once said twice), and the hull shook violently, and all the lights went out in an instant. The telegraph room next to the explosion collapsed instantly, two operators were blown to pieces, the transceiver was damaged, contact with the outside world was interrupted, and the distress telegram was not filmed. In the cockpit of the bow, the siren for help only rang symbolically and never rang again. The cabin was as dark as ink, and the cold sea water poured in. Men and women, old and young, were frightened. In panic, this group of people pushed each other and fled for their lives on the top deck of the ship. The scene at that time: crying for the land, like the end. The old, the weak, women and children were trampled on, and many people died. In the crowd, countless people were crushed to death, trampled to death, drowned and froze to death. The explosion occurred at the back of the hull and the stern sank rapidly. Passengers in third class and fourth class were the first to be hit hard. Because they have to check the tickets before the explosion, the iron gate is locked and they can't escape. Ten minutes later, the rough sea has flooded the deck. Most people can't climb the highest deck to be rescued and drown in the cabin in just a few minutes. Because the crash site is only a shoal, chimneys, masts and suspended lifeboats are still on the water. However, in the panic and darkness, no one went to untie the lifeboat.
19: 30, fishing boats Huafu 1 No.2 and Daijiang Yalu sent out S.O.S distress signal, and 26 passengers floating on the water were rescued. 2 1: 30, are there any oranges? Jin Liyuan? The motorized sailboat went out to sea and heard the sound to save it. Zhang Hanting, the owner of the ship, led the crew and dropped a long cable on the river to let the victims climb up one by one. then what Jin Liyuan? 1 leans the bow against the sunken ship and tells the people waiting for rescue on the top deck to board the motorized sailboat in order. When it is almost full, the ship claims that it is important to save people, and orders to throw oranges and other things into the sea and turn around to rescue them. The ship rescued 453 people, and its owner, Zhang Hanting, won the first place in Shanghai? Honorary citizen? The title of. After rescuing Murray and several sailboats, Murray saved 223 people. Before Lian, the total number of people rescued was 8 1 1, and less than one third survived. However, some ships either stand by and rob the luggage and goods floating on the sea while taking advantage of the fire.
After the crash, China Merchants sent more than 90 divers and more than a dozen ships to the crash site to salvage the remains, most of which have disappeared. Only 65,438+0,383 bodies with names were recovered, including 340 children (not including remains).
It is estimated that there are more than 3,000 victims of Jiang Yalun, and the death toll far exceeds? Titanic? 80% of the victims of the shipwreck were from Ningbo. Among them, the whole family suffered, and three generations of grandparents and grandchildren died together or only one family survived, and the bodies, clothes and straw hats floated on their faces, which was terrible. This is a rare tragedy in China's modern shipping history, which caused public outcry.
For this incident, on the one hand, due to the tense war situation in Shanghai, the PLA is ready to break through the river defense; Second, the Nanjing National Government had no time to retreat. So there was no investigation, no investigation, and no aftermath. The reason for the sinking of Jiangya is a great mystery in modern Shanghai. For decades, there have been different opinions. According to the records, there are only six possibilities: 1. Boiler explosion; 2. hit the rocks; 3. Time bomb; 4. Transportation of explosives; 5. Torpedo attack; 6. Mistouching a mine.
Salvage? Jiang Yalun? , for repair.
1956 The Shanghai Municipal People's Government decided to salvage the waterway from a political perspective. Jiang Yalun? . It lasted 160 days, and was finally buried at the bottom of the river for 8 years. Jiang Yalun? see the sun once more—be delivered from oppression/persecution
1957 65438+ 10, Shanghai Maritime Bureau? Jiang Yalun? Make repairs.
1958165438+1October 30th,? Jiang Yalun? 1 passenger ship completed the recovery repair, and all indicators met the technical requirements. 1On the morning of February 4, 959, Jiang Yalun, who had just recovered, appeared at Shiliupu Pier, which was decorated with colorful lights. The whole body was painted bright milky white, and the ship was filled with more than 400 family members of the passengers who died that year and representatives from all walks of life in Shanghai. Jiang Yalun? It was changed to a Yangtze River inland passenger and cargo ship, which traveled between Shanghai and Wuhan and re-served the shipping industry of the motherland.
1966 1 1 month, Jiang Yalun? Rename? Dongfanghong No.8? . 1983, after 24 years of sailing, Dongfanghong 8? Retired, moored at the Moon Bay Wharf of Wuhan Port, as the water base of the fleet of Changchuan Wuhan Company. June 2000? Dongfanghong No.8? Sold to Wenzhou shipbreaking self-employed households. Unexpectedly, on July 8 of that year, the crew on board accidentally ignited the oil pollution in the engine room, causing a fire. As a result, the ship was burned to pieces (full of disaster). 200 1 Before the Spring Festival, Dongfanghong No.8? The wreckage was dismantled and the scrap steel was sold. Original? Jiang Yalun? The only remaining wooden steering wheel in the world has been preserved as proof? Jiang Yalun? The only physical symbol of the sunken ship has been collected by the Zhejiang East Maritime Folk Museum.
Five major shipwrecks in the world
Mary? Ross
brief introduction
Mary Ross, built in1509-1511,was the first ship capable of discharging guns and was favored by King Henry VIII. It is described as. The most beautiful flower in the ocean? . The birth of this ship marks the transformation of the British navy from the Middle Ages? A floating castle? Elizabeth I's naval fleet.
Accident occurrence
1545 On July 9, 2009/KLOC-0, King Henry VIII reviewed his proud fleet in the South China Sea and went out to sea to meet the French invaders. However, he witnessed a disaster: the Mary Ross, which was fully loaded, jolted and capsized quickly in a storm, and seawater poured into the gun door below. At that time, there were more than 90 guns and about 700 crew members on her deck. It is said that less than 40 people survived.
After the incident,
In the year when this huge ship sank, people began to salvage it. Some guns, sails and sails were salvaged, but the salvage work stopped at 1550. Part of the Mary Ross has fallen into the mire, and it will be protected by the mire in the next few centuries. Until the mid-1960s, a team led by Alexander McKee launched an investigation into the sunken ship. Through his efforts, after the Tudor warship sank to the bottom of the sea for more than four centuries, the ship's remains soaked in seawater finally surfaced in the Solent Strait. 1982, about 60 million people watched the live broadcast of marie rose's salvage ceremony.
To this day, the ship is still spraying polyethylene glycol preservative to prevent the ship's bones from rotting. This work is expected to be completed in 2008, after which she will go through a slow drying process. At that time, visitors to Portsmouth Historic Shipyard will be able to see her beautiful image through glass screens and mist preservatives.
Titanic
brief introduction
The White Star Cruise Titanic was built by Harlan and Wolf Shipyards with a registered gross weight of 46,328 tons. Titanic is equipped with a proud gym, swimming pool, squash court and bathroom.
Accident occurrence
191April 14 in the afternoon 1 1 40: 00, the lookout of titanic pressed the alarm three times and reported? There is a glacier on the right front. ? Unfortunately, all efforts to avoid the collision were too late. A rock-hard piece of ice penetrated the hull, like a huge can opener, and penetrated the hull shell 250 feet. As the number of lifeboats on board was far from enough, the panic began to spread. 191April 15 At 2: 20 am, the Titanic finally sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic, killing * * * 1503 people.
Titanic is probably the most famous shipwreck in history. This 2.5-mile-deep submarine grave is located 323 miles southeast of Newfoundland. The ship was discovered by a scientific research team led by Captain Jean-louis michel and Dr. Robert Ballard on September 1985. At that time, the ship had been separated from head to tail and split in two. The bow is still relatively intact, while the stern is located 2000 feet away and has been seriously damaged and deformed.
After the incident,
Today, you can go from St. John (St. John? S) Visit the world's most famous sunken ship on the departing M.I.R submarine, and you can also see the world-famous bow and bridge-the place where Captain E.H. Smith gave the last order.
Lusitania
general situation
1965438+On Friday, May 7th, 2005, the Lusitania (nicknamed Greyhound at Sea), which Cunard was proud of, sailed from new york to Liverpool and was sunk by a German torpedo near the old head of Kinsall in southern Ireland.
Accident occurrence
19 14 When the war broke out in August, the Lusitania was handed over to the British navy and sent to the Canadian dock in Liverpool, where it was equipped with 12 6-inch guns. She was registered as a member of the British naval fleet. As an armed reserve cruiser, she was equipped with more weapons than the Royal Navy fleet patrolling the English Channel. As Britain's First Minister of Ren Haijun, Winston Churchill visited Liverpool and inspected the Lusitania. He made a speech that he will never forget: to me, she is just another 45,000 tons of live bait. ?
1965438+After 2 pm on Friday, May 7, 2005 10, the Lusitania weighing 30396 tons was hit by a torpedo without warning. She only sank for about 20 minutes, 1, 20 1 all men, women and children lost their lives. Among the dead, 128 was an American citizen. The German submarine U20, which launched the torpedo, circled around the sunken ship several times, then fled the scene and returned to its base in Port William on May 13.
After the incident,
The shipwreck site was first discovered in 1935. A four-blade propeller of Lusitania was salvaged in 1982, and now it is displayed in the dock area of Merseyside maritime museum at Albert Pier.
Bismarck
brief introduction
When fully loaded with goods, the displacement can reach 50,000 metric tons and the top speed is 30 miles per hour. The Bismarck loaded with several cannons is regarded as the pride of the German navy. She was described by Churchill as. A huge ship, an outstanding work of the naval fleet? From the top to the bottom of the ship, 17 stories high, the length of which is equivalent to three football fields.
Accident occurrence
194 1 in may, the Bismarck was attacked by the British navy in the fiercest naval battle after chasing in the Atlantic for eight days. Bismarck was hit by the enemy's powerful artillery fire, capsized and stopped on the steep undersea mountains. Of the 2,200 people aboard Bismarck (average age 2 1 year), only 1 15 survived.
After the incident,
1989, after carefully searching an area of about 200 square miles, Dr. Robert and his expedition finally found the wreckage of Bismarck. The shipwreck was located about 380 miles south of Cork, Ireland, and about 65,438+05,000 feet underwater in the Atlantic Ocean. Although the powerful artillery and torpedoes of the British army caused great damage to the hull in the naval battle, the sinking of the ship also caused obvious damage to it. Surprisingly, the wreckage of the sunken ship is still intact. Since the permission of the German government, the legal owner of the shipwreck cemetery, people have made some explorations on Bismarck. These people include Bismarck's survivors Heinrich Conte and Heinz Stig, and American film director James Cameron.
Belgrano.
General situation of accident
The sinking of the battleship belgrano was one of the most tragic and controversial events in the Falklands War. 1May 2, 982, British nuclear submarine-Royal Navy ship? Conqueror? The HMS Conqueror fired two torpedoes at the Argentine warship General Bergrano. About 300 people were killed in the attack.
After the incident,
When the formidable warship began to sink, the most difficult rescue operation at sea in history was also under way. Torpedoes killed 323 of belgrano's 65,438+0,093 crew members, almost half of the total Argentine casualties in this war.
In February 2003, the National Geographic Society and the Argentine Navy formed an expedition to search for the wreck in the South Atlantic. After two weeks at sea, the expedition failed to find the ship because of the bad weather in the South Atlantic. Although it is believed that the sunken ship is located at a depth of 4,000 meters from the Argentine coast of 65,438+080 kilometers, the expedition still hopes that their instruments (the instruments used to search for the Titanic) can find the sunken ship soon.
Eight deadliest shipwrecks in the history of world navigation
First of all, the Costa Concorde
On 20 12 065438+ 10 13, the Costa Concorde with more than 4,000 passengers ran aground on the Italian coast, and a large amount of seawater immediately poured into the hull, causing the cruise ship to roll over. Concorde crashed a few hours after leaving the port city of civitavecchia near Rome. Before the new passengers who just boarded the ship had time to receive lifeboat escape training, five people were killed and many passengers were still missing. Most of the 4234 passengers on board were safely rescued. Although the lifeboat on board was enough for all passengers to ride, due to the serious inclination of the hull, the lifeboat could not be launched smoothly, so some passengers could only be evacuated by helicopter. One survivor described the chaotic scene like this: We were still having dinner, and suddenly all the lights went out. We heard a loud noise and a moan from the machine and the tableware fell to the floor.
Second, Dunabaz
On February 20th, 1987, 1987, the ferry Dunabaz collided with an oil tanker and sank. Only 24 ferry passengers and 13 crew members successfully escaped from the fire caused by the collision. Due to the overload of the ferry, this disaster caused 434 1 people to die, making it the most serious shipwreck in peacetime in the history of navigation. It is reported that the captain of the ferry was drinking beer and watching TV when the collision happened.
Third, Sudan.
1865 On April 27th, the USS Sudan sank in the Mississippi River, seven miles north of Memphis. Three of the four boilers on board exploded at 2 am that day, which was the chief culprit of this tragedy. At the time of the accident, there were 2,300 newly released federal war criminals on board, of which 1700 were killed, while the nuclear load of "Sudan" should be 376. As the civil war drew to a close, Lincoln was assassinated not long ago, and the media chose to ignore the disaster.
Fourth, the Queen of Ireland.
1914 On May 29th, 2004, on the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, the Queen of Ireland collided with a smaller ship "Metropolis" and sank. Ten minutes after the collision, the Queen of Ireland capsized completely, so only a few lifeboats were successfully launched and the manual watertight doors in the ship could not be closed. Ten minutes later, the ship sank completely, and 1477 people and 10 12 people were killed.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Lusitania
Lusitania was one of the few transatlantic liners still in operation during World War I, and it was thought that its speed was enough to ensure that it could avoid the attack of German submarines. It was one of the fastest transoceanic ships in the world at that time, second only to its sister ship Mauritania. 1 965438+On the morning of May12005, the American newspaper published a warning from the German Embassy, but the Lusitania still set sail from new york Port that day. On May 7th, a German torpedo hit the ship, and then there was an incredible second explosion. 18 minutes later, the ship sank completely. 1959 people on board, 1 195 people were killed.
Number six, William Gustav.
1945 065438+1On October 30th, the American aircraft carrier William Gustav was hit by a Soviet submarine torpedo and sank. At that time, the ship was crowded with German refugees, totaling about 10582, and 9343 people were killed in this disaster. After only 62 minutes, the ship sank completely, which is considered to be the most serious shipwreck in the history of navigation.
Seven, Halifax Harbor Big Bang
1917 65438+On the morning of February 6, a French ship Mont Blanc collided with a Norwegian ship Imo in Halifax Port, Nova Scotia, Canada. Soon after, the Mont Blanc caught fire and the captain immediately ordered to abandon the ship. The empty ship continued to burn and drifted to one of the docks. People began to gather to watch the burning ship, but they didn't know that the Mont Blanc contained 2300 tons of dry and wet picric acid, 200 tons of TNT explosive, 10 tons of collodion and 35 tons of benzene. A big explosion happened on Mont Blanc, which killed more than 1 1,900 people nearby and instantly destroyed 1 2,000 houses in the city.
Eight, Titanic
19 12 in the early morning of April, almost two hours after hitting an iceberg, the largest, most luxurious and supposedly safest cruise ship in the world at that time split in two on its maiden voyage and sank into the Atlantic Ocean. As there were not enough lifeboats on board, 1500 people were killed in the accident. The sinking of Titanic is the most famous shipwreck in history and one of the deadliest shipwrecks in peacetime.