Question 1: The difference between horizontal and vertical directions. In life, the left and right directions we see are understood to be horizontal, and the up and down directions are vertical.

If there is no special agreement in engineering, the longer direction is called the longitudinal direction, and the shorter direction is the horizontal direction. This statement can also be understood in this way to be unified with the statement in life. If the longer side is stood up, the longer side

That is, the up and down direction (longitudinal).

Because people are accustomed to understanding the forward and backward direction of the observed object as the intuitive up and down direction (the direction of the crab's front and back), so a crab crawling left and right is understood to be a crab walking sideways.

Most boards on the market come in standard sizes, with the longer side (length) called the longitudinal direction and the shorter side (width) called the transverse direction.

Question 2: What do horizontal topics and vertical topics taught by university professors mean?

The horizontal aspect mainly refers to other related topics expanded based on this topic.

Vertical refers to studying the subject in depth without expanding.

Question 3: What are "vertical scientific research projects" and "horizontal scientific research projects"? This concept is a planned product formed after the reform and opening up, and it is also market-oriented. That is to say, there is no strict definition of vertical and horizontal research projects as you mentioned.

The formulation has no practical meaning. Generally, projects that receive support funds from *** departments are vertical projects (such as the Ministry of Science and Technology Foundation Committee and the local science and technology departments and science and technology bureaus). Other projects, especially those that receive support funds from enterprises, are called horizontal projects. Some research

Institutions still use this distribution Question 4: What is a transversal project in scientific research?

Horizontal project is the abbreviation of horizontal science and technology project, which is a type of science and technology project.

Science and technology projects include vertical science and technology projects and horizontal science and technology projects.

Horizontal science and technology projects refer to various types of science and technology development, science and technology services, scientific research and other projects commissioned by enterprises, institutions and sister units, as well as projects issued by government departments through unconventional reporting channels.

If the unit responsible for the application document does not have a vertical project signed by the unit, the unit responsible shall transfer the sub-project or outsourcing funds of the unit, and generally it will be treated as a horizontal project.

Since horizontal projects are not mainly issued by the *** department (or entrusted by the *** department), they come from a wide range of sources and are relatively easy to obtain. Therefore, although their research content may be closer to social needs and their research funds are larger,

In the scientific research evaluation system, the weight value of horizontal projects is often significantly lower than that of vertical projects.

Question 5: What is horizontal contract funding? Are you talking about scientific research projects?

Topics are divided into horizontal topics and vertical topics. Vertical topics are set by *** departments at all levels, while horizontal topics are set by other enterprises and institutions. They are equivalent to commissioned research. If there is funding, it is a horizontal contract fund.

Question 6: Among the future fund projects, what is the difference between horizontal projects and vertical projects?

Horizontal projects refer to research topics related to physical institutions that solve real-world problems.

Vertical projects refer to research topics supported by *** departments, including special subject funds and project special funds.

Question 7: What are horizontal and vertical issues?

Horizontal science and technology projects refer to: scientific research projects funded by enterprises [except for science and technology plan projects and school fund projects approved and issued by government departments at all levels and relevant science foundations, all projects undertaken by various departments and scientific researchers of the school

Four technologies (technology transfer, technology development, technology consulting, technology services) projects and other cooperative research projects of enterprises and institutions].

Mainly to solve the application technology or technical problems that are urgently needed by the enterprise itself. Horizontal topics are an important part of the school's scientific research work. It is an effective way for the school to use human resources, instruments and equipment, give full play to its scientific and technological advantages, and serve economic construction and social development.