Amino group is the basic base in organic chemistry. All organic compounds containing amino group have certain alkaline characteristics, which are composed of one nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms, and the chemical formula is -NH2. For example, amino acids contain amino groups and have certain alkalinity. Amino group is a group with high activity and easy oxidation. In organic synthesis, easily removable groups are needed for protection. To put it simply: 1, acylation protection, that is, protection with anhydride 2 and protection with benzyl 3. Chiral compounds commonly use protective amino acids such as CBZ, BOC and FMOC.

carbonyl

Open classification: chemistry, science, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, environmental chemistry.

Organic functional group (C=O) composed of carbon and oxygen atoms connected by double bonds. It is a component of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives and other functional groups.

Physical characteristics: strong infrared absorption.

Chemical properties: Due to the strong electron-withdrawing property of oxygen, nucleophilic addition reaction is easy to occur on carbon atoms. Other common chemical reactions include nucleophilic reduction and aldol condensation.

carbonyl

A divalent group consisting of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom bound by a double bond. The other two bonds of carbon atoms constituting carbonyl groups can be combined with other atoms or groups in the form of single bonds or double bonds to form carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compounds can be divided into aldehydes and ketones and carboxylic acids: ① aldehydes and ketones, such as aldehydes R-CH = O and ketones R-Co-R; ② Carboxylic acids, such as carboxylic acid r-co-oh, carboxylic acid ester r-co-or ˊ, acid anhydride r-co-o-co-r ˊ, acyl peroxide r-co-o-co-r ˊ, amide r-co-NH2, acid halide r-co-x (x carbonyl group is very active.

amide

Open classification: chemistry

amide

Compounds in which hydroxyl groups in carboxylic acids are substituted by amino groups (or amino groups) can also be regarded as derivatives in which hydrogen of ammonia (or amine) is substituted by acyl groups. R, R', r "can be hydrogen or hydrocarbon group. Protein widely exists in nature and is a natural polymer compound linked by amide bond -CONH- (or peptide bond). Urea, the final product of protein metabolism in mammals, is diamide H2NCONH2 of carbonic acid. Many alkaloids, such as colchicine, dichroine and ergotoxine, contain amide bonds in their molecular structures.

Except formamide, most amides with RCONH2 structure are colorless solids. Aliphatically substituted amides rcon HR'' and rconr'2 are usually liquids, of which N, N- dimethylformamide HCON(CH3)2 is the most important. Amides with smaller molecular weight are soluble in water, and the solubility decreases with the increase of molecular weight. Liquid amide is an excellent solvent for organic and inorganic substances. The boiling point of amide is higher than that of corresponding carboxylic acid.

Amide is a very weak base, which can form adducts with strong acids, such as ch3con2hcl, which is very unstable and completely hydrolyzed when it meets water. Amides can also form metal salts, and most of them are completely hydrolyzed in water, but the mercury salt (CH3CONH)2Hg is quite stable. Amide can be hydrolyzed into carboxylic acid and ammonia (or amine) when heated for a long time in the presence of strong acid and alkali. Amide is carefully heated in the presence of dehydrating agent phosphorus pentoxide, which is converted into nitrile. Amides can be reduced to amines by catalytic hydrogenation or reaction with lithium aluminum hydride. Amide can also react with hypohalite to form primary amine with one less carbon atom.

Amides can be prepared by partial dehydration of ammonium carboxylate or ammonolysis of acid halides, anhydrides and esters. Nitriles can also be partially hydrolyzed and terminated in the amide stage.

Low molecular liquid amides such as N, N- dimethylformamide and N, N- dimethylacetamide are excellent aprotic polar solvents, and can also be used as plasticizers, lubricating oil additives and organic synthetic reagents. Long-chain fatty acid amides, such as stearic acid amide, can be used as waterproof agent for fiber fabrics, and erucic acid amide is a lubricant for extrusion of polyethylene and polypropylene. N, N- dihydroxyethyl long-chain fatty acid amide is a nonionic surfactant and a plasticizer of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate polymer. N- sulfoalkyl substituted long-chain fatty acid amide is a softener for synthetic fibers. Polyamide condensed from dicarboxylic acid and diamine is a kind of synthetic fiber with excellent properties.

camphor ball

Bright flaky crystals with a special smell.

Physical property density 1. 162

Melting point 80.5℃, boiling point 2 17.9℃, flash point 78.89℃, refractive index1.58212 (100℃).

Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether.

Volatile, easy to sublimate

After dissolving in ethanol, white turbidity will appear when dripping into water.

Two connected benzene rings in the molecular structure

use

Widely used as raw materials for preparing dyes, resins, solvents, etc. , also used as an insect repellent (commonly known as health balls or mothballs). Substitution is easier to dissolve than addition.

Preparation or source

It can be separated from the intermediate oil part and carbolic acid part of coal tar (tar naphthalene); It can also be separated from the C _ 10 fraction of pyrolysis tar (petroleum naphthalene); In addition, it can also be prepared from methylnaphthalene by demethylation.

Derivative naphthol naphthylacetic acid