The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and one of the world famous rivers. It is 5,464 kilometers long, ranking fifth in the world and second in Asia (second only to the Yangtze River). Average flow 1775 m3/s (very small flow in the world rivers); The basin covers an area of over 750,000 square kilometers. The Yellow River and its coastal basins have brought great influence to human civilization. 654.38+0.5 million years ago, a man named Xihoudu appeared in Ruicheng County near the Yellow River in Shanxi Province. /kloc-Lantian ape-man 0/10,000 years ago and Dali ape-man 300,000 years ago were fishing and hunting on the banks of the Yellow River. Early Homo sapiens appeared in Ding Cun, Xiangfen, Shanxi 70,000 years ago; Late Homo sapiens appeared in Dagouwan, Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia 30,000 years ago.
The Yellow River flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces in turn and winds in the north of China. From the air, it looks like a huge "Ji" and vaguely like a totem unique to our nation-the dragon. As the poet Heshui Zuo said in "Yellow River Flowing into the Sea", which expresses the spirit of the Chinese nation with the Yellow River, "After several loud roars, it rolled into yellow sand, and it was magnificent all the way. The levee breaks through the gorge and shakes the earth, and the clouds roar. "
The terrain where the Yellow River flows is Qinghai-Tibet Plateau → Inner Mongolia Plateau → Loess Plateau → North China Plain. Kari music and Yueguzong music at the northern foot of Bayannaoer are the positive sources of the Yellow River, located at Yala Dazi Peak in Bayannaoer City, Qinghai Province. The length of the main stream is 5500km, with an average flow of 1 774.57 m3/s, which flows into the Bohai Sea (Laizhou Bay) in Kenli County, Dongying City, Shandong Province. The dividing point of the upper and middle reaches is Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the dividing point of the middle and lower reaches is Taohuayu, Henan Province. The width of the Yellow River estuary is1.500m, which is generally 500m in flood season, only 50m in the narrower part, and the water depth is generally 2.6m. In some places, it is only1.2m ~1.6m. ..
Because of sediment deposition, the riverbed of the 5500 km Yellow River is higher than the cities and farmland in the basin, and it is also called "suspended river" or "above-ground river" because it is constrained by the embankment.
The Yellow River is between Zhongtiaoshan Mountain and Qinling Mountain, and passes through Luoyang City, Henan Province (2) from the east. From here to 30 kilometers south of the Yellow River, it is the urban area of Luoyang. Luoyang is one of the four ancient capitals. Since the Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty (Yang Di), the Wu Zhou Dynasty, the Later Liang Dynasty, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Tang Dynasty and other dynasties have all established their capitals here, which is called "the ancient capital of the Thirteen Dynasties" in history. Geely District of Luoyang City is located in the north of the Yellow River, and other counties and cities are located in the south of the Yellow River, so the Yellow River crosses Luoyang.
The upper reaches of the Yellow River from the source to Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Taohuayu in Hukou of the Yellow River; Below Taohuayu is the downstream. There are different opinions about the demarcation between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The information here comes from the first volume of seventh grade geography published by China Map Publishing House. The Yellow River runs through China from east to west, with a total drainage area of 752,443 square kilometers.
The Yellow River, like a lion with his head held high, crosses the mountains of Qinghai and Gansu provinces from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Hetao Plain across Ningxia and Inner Mongolia; Pentium in the ravine between Shanxi and Shaanxi; Break through the "Longmen", turn around at the foot of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue, cross the North China Plain, and head for the coast of Bohai Sea. Modern grass's "Don't be the Yellow River" gives a true interpretation: "The sky flies beyond the river, and waves make waves." Over the cliff of Mount Wan Ren, there are still stormy waves lapping on the shore. When it doesn't splash into spring, it's called warm spring. There are many vicissitudes of life, all on the banks of the long river. "The main stream of the Yellow River flows through 9 provinces and autonomous regions, gathering more than 40 main tributaries, 1000 Yellow River (6 streams), with a journey of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of 750,000 square kilometers, making it the second longest river in China. The average annual precipitation in the whole basin is about 400 mm, while the average annual runoff of the Yellow River is only 57.4 billion cubic meters, ranking eighth among Chinese rivers. There are more than 200 million mu of cultivated land in the basin, and the population is about 654.38+0 billion along the Yulu River downstream.
According to the research of scientists, the Yellow River has changed for two reasons.
1. Since the Qin Dynasty, the temperature in the Loess Plateau has turned cold and the rainstorm has been concentrated. Coupled with the loose structure of loess itself, it is easy to be eroded and collapsed, which encourages soil erosion and makes a lot of sediment enter the Yellow River.
Second, the rapid population growth, unrestricted land reclamation and grazing, caused the destruction of forests, grasslands, green vegetation, and the loss of natural protective layer on the Loess Plateau, resulting in serious soil erosion.
From the Middle Warring States Period to the Late Western Han Dynasty
In the mid-Warring States period, after a large-scale embankment was built in the lower reaches, the fixed river course was the big river recorded in Hanshu Geography, which ended the long-term situation of multi-flow diversion and frequent diversion, and we temporarily regarded it as the first major diversion of the Yellow River.
In the mid-Warring States period, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were sparsely populated. When the dike was first built, the width of the dikes on both banks was 50 Li Han (1 Li Han, equivalent to 414m today). Large streams (the mainstream of water) have to swim in dikes, and rivers have strong flood storage capacity and are not easy to burst. Since then, the number of teeth has increased day by day, and a large beach blocked on both sides of the inland waterway of the levee has been reclaimed to build the people's dike for self-defense. Those who are far away are hundreds of steps away from the water. As a result, the riverbed is forced, the river body twists and turns, siltation is rapid, and dangers are repeated.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the river course in Xunxian County of Henan Province today, "The river is higher than the flat", has obviously become a "suspended river". This is the result of increased soil erosion in the middle reaches of the Yellow River since Qin and Han Dynasties. In 1 1 year, Wang Mang broke the Yellow River eastward, and the flood between the river and Huaihe River lasted for 60 years.
Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of Tang Dynasty
In 1 1 year (the third year of Wang Mang's founding), the Yellow River burst above Yuancheng (now Daming East, Hebei Province), and the river flooded to several counties east of Qinghe County. At that time, because the river decided to flow eastward, Wang Mang did not advocate blocking the mouth, because his ancestral grave in Yuancheng was not threatened. It is recognized that the flood lasted for nearly 60 years, which led to the second major diversion in the history of the Yellow River.
After nearly a thousand years, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were relatively stable, with occasional overflow and no large-scale diversion. The reason is:
First, since the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of nomadic people have moved into the middle reaches of the Yellow River, returning farmland to grazing, and secondary grasslands and shrubs have replaced cultivated land, reducing soil erosion.
Second, in 70 AD, under the leadership of Wang Jing, the flooded river in the late Western Han Dynasty was comprehensively controlled, and then a new river course was built, which roughly flowed through the Jilu border region, from Changshoujin (now in the area of West Wangbin, Puyang), from the great river in the Western Han Dynasty, along the Guluo River, through the south of Fan County today, diverted between yanggu county and Guluo River today, passed through the Yellow River and Ma Jiahe today, and then entered the sea in Lijin County, Shandong Province.
Thirdly, there were many tributaries in the lower reaches of the Yellow River at that time, either entering the sea alone or flowing into other rivers, and there were some lakes and swamps along the way, all of which played the role of flood diversion, sediment discharge and flow regulation.
From the end of Tang Dynasty to the end of Northern Song Dynasty
After nearly a thousand years of accumulation, the lower reaches of the Yellow River gradually silted up from the end of the Tang Dynasty. In 893 (the second year of Tang Jingfu), the estuary section was diverted for nearly a hundred miles. By the fifth generation, the frequency of crevasse increased obviously, with an average of less than three years.
By the beginning of 1 1 century, in today's Shandong Shanghe, Huimin, Binzhou and other cities and counties, the river surface has been "high-rise buildings almost exceeded the height". Since then, the location of the breach has moved up to Ganzhou (now Puyang, Henan) and Huazhou (now East Old Town, hua county). The general trend is that the river swings northward gradually. At the end of the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Chihe River and the Henglong River were all located in the north of the big river in the Tang Dynasty.
1048, Shang (now Puyang dongchang lake Ji) burst its mouth, and its northward flow passed between Fuyang River and South Canal, while its downstream (now South Canal) and Boundary River (now Haihe River) entered the sea in Tianjin, which was called "Yellow River North School" in history. This is the third major diversion in the history of the Yellow River. (The Yellow River flows northward for three times: Shanghukun, Xiaowukun and Neihuangkou)
Jin Yuan to Ming Jiajing
1 128 (the second year of jianyan in the southern song dynasty), in order to prevent the nomads from going south, Du Chong, who was left behind by Song and Tokyo, was forced to break the river in the southwest of Huaxian County, Henan Province, making the Yellow River flow eastward through northeast Henan and southwest Shandong, enter Surabaya and seize Si into Huaihe River. Since then, the Yellow River has left the old road flowing through Xunhua and slippery areas since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and no longer entered the Hebei Plain. In the following 700 years, it flowed into the Huaihe River in the southeast. This is an epoch-making event in the history of the changes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and it is also the fourth major diversion of the Yellow River.
The river between Jun and Slip used to be a narrow river in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Due to the control of this section of the waterway, the swing range of the downstream waterway is basically limited to the Hebei Plain east of Taihang Mountain and north of Shandong Hill. After leaving this section of the river, the downstream river turns to the east or southeast and swings from northeast Henan to southwest Shandong. Among the 12 crevasses recorded in the Jin Dynasty, the river swings after the crevasse accounted for 10 in this area.
1286 (23rd year of Zhiyuan) 10 The Yellow River is located in Wu Yuan, Wu Yang, Zhongmou, Yanjin, Kaifeng, Xiangfu, Qixian, Suizhou, Chenliu, Tongxu, Taikang, Weishi, Weichuan, Yanling and Fugou. It can be roughly divided into three strands; One goes south in Zhongmou, passes through Weishi, Weichuan, Fugou, Yanling and other places, and enters the Huaihe River from Shui Ying; One is in Kaifeng, turns south, passes through Tongxu and Taikang, and flows from the vortex to the Huaihe River. We call it the fifth great diversion in the history of the Yellow River.
From Jinyuan to the middle of Ming Dynasty, the changes of the Yellow River can be summarized as the following three points:
First, the position of the gap moves to the west. At first, the cracks were mostly in Shandong today (11950s and 1960s), and then moved westward to Jixian, Wu Yang (east of Yuanyang today) and Yanjin (11980s and 1990s). From the 1970s of 13 to the 40s of14, the crevasse moved to Xinxiang, Wu Yuan (now the west of Yuanyang) and Yingze (now Xiguxing Town, Zhengzhou City), almost reaching the top of the alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
Second, the main stream of the river gradually swings south. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/2nd century, the river passed through northeastern Henan and southwestern Shandong, and now it flows into Surabaya in Liangshan County, Shandong Province. Later, it gradually swung southward into Kaifeng and Shangqiu in eastern Henan, and then entered the beach through Dangshan, Xiaoxian and Xuzhou in Jiangsu. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, two man-made rivers burst, and they went blind from the river or entered the Huaihe River from the whirlpool. /kloc-In the late 3rd century, a river flowed from Yinghe River into Huaihe River and reached the southwest boundary of the fan-shaped plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
Third, the lower reaches of the river are divided into several tributaries besides the main stream, and the change is uncertain. Since the second half of 12 century (during the reign of Jin Dading), there has been a situation of "two rivers diverging". After that, it is divided into three strands, all of which flow through the north of the abandoned Yellow River, merge into Surabaya and seize Si into the Huaihe River. By the second half of the13rd century (early Yuan Dynasty), there were several strands downstream, which seized water and whirled into the Huaihe River. Then it flows eastward to Si or southward to Huai River, and sometimes it flows northeast to Ma Jiahe and the North Qinghe River (now the Yellow River below Dongping, Shandong). Often several strands are parallel, overlapping is the main time, and the change is extremely chaotic. At the end of Yuan Dynasty (135 1), Jia Lu once managed a river from Fengqiu, Henan Province to Xuzhou, which was called Jia Luhe in history. It will be destroyed soon.
First, the second longest river in China.
The Yellow River, the second longest river in China, is a 5464-kilometer-long river that winds in the north of China. Seen from the air, it looks like a huge "Ji", which is a unique totem of our nation-the dragon.
Second, the characterization of the Yellow River
Not just a big river. The Yellow River, Yellow Earth, Yellow Emperor, Yellow Skin and the legendary dragon, all these yellow features sublimate this turbid stream flowing through the heart of China into a "holy river". Han Shu Gou Ji regards the Yellow River as the first of all waters: "China has the source of all rivers, and the Yellow River is its ancestor."
Third, the theory of loess weathering.
In a long geological time, in the desert Gobi in the interior of Asia, the sand everywhere is decomposed and crushed in the harsh environment of rapid cooling and rapid heating until it forms powder. The northwest airflow prevailing in the inland has blown them to the east for many years, and the coarse sand has fallen on the Mongolian plateau, and the most delicate powder has fallen to today's six provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia and Henan. After millions of years of transportation and accumulation, a loess plateau has finally formed, starting from the Great Wall in the north, reaching Qinling Mountain in the south, Sun Moon Mountain in the west and Taihang Mountain in the east.
Fourth, the deep and vast loess layer.
This is an unparalleled loess, with an area of 4 1 1,000 square kilometers, and the thickness of loess coverage is generally above 1 1,000 meters. The loess in Longdong, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places is as deep as 100 to 200 meters, and the thickness in Lanzhou is more than 300 meters. The loess plateau loses 2.2 billion tons of topsoil every year, most of which enters the Yellow River.
The Garden of Eden five or six thousand years ago.
Botanists have found that although the rainfall in the Loess Plateau is not as abundant as that in the south, there is less nutrient leaching, which is very suitable for the growth of poplar, birch, oak, Chinese pine, spruce, jujube and Vitex negundo. At that time, lush vegetation gave birth to a warm and rainy Garden of Eden. Today, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces have large areas of virgin forests. Henan Province, located in the Central Plains, is referred to as "Yu" for short. It can be seen that in the era of word-making in Cangjie, it was still a place where elephants haunted.
Six, the enlightenment of ancient civilization
Charred animal fossils and antler fossils were found in Houdu human activity site in Ruicheng, Shanxi, more than 6.5438+0.6 million years ago, and many carbon deposits were found in Lantian human site in Shaanxi, 6.5438+0.6 million years ago.
Since then, Lantian people, Dali people, Dingcun people and Hetao people have all thrived in the embrace of the Yellow River. Until 6000 years ago, matriarchal clan culture represented by Banpo civilization appeared on the yellow land.
Our ancestors hunted and gathered in such a green field and spent the golden childhood of Chinese civilization.
Seven, the historical account of the transformation of natural achievements.
It is indeed the first time to bathe in the light of civilization, and it is inevitable to accept the fire of civilization for the first time. According to ancient legends, Shennong once taught people to grow crops. What is intriguing is that Shennong is Emperor Yan, that is, Vulcan. What he teaches is actually burning forests and practicing. Mencius recorded the "achievements" of the three emperors and five emperors who burned the forest: "When Yao ... the vegetation was lush, the animals multiplied, the grain was not harvested, and the animals were threatened ... Yao was the only one who was worried, and he handled it well. Make good use of fire. The fierce mountain burned it, and the animals fled. "
In the Book of Songs, we heard the song of the ancestors when they cut down trees: "Kan Kan cuts sandalwood, the rivers are clear and the blue waves are rippling." "When logging is tintin, birds sing."
Eight, uncover the bottom of the river
A few days ago, a century-old wonder "uncovering the bottom of the river" appeared in Dajinzui and Xiaoshizui sections of Shanxi Hejin section of the Xiaobei main stream of the Yellow River (Shanxi and Shaanxi sections), and the sediment at the bottom of the river was rolled up like a carpet by the current.
The phenomenon of "uncovering the bottom of the river" is a unique law of sediment movement in the Yellow River, which mainly occurs in Longmen, the main stream of Xiaobei, and Weihe, the tributary of the Yellow River. Its performance is that when the flood peak with high sediment concentration passes by, the riverbed is seriously washed in a short time, and the massive and flaky sediment at the bottom of the river is rolled up like a carpet, and then swept away by the current. Such intense scouring can make this section of riverbed several meters to more than ten meters deep in a few hours to dozens of hours. Due to the special conditions of the phenomenon of "uncovering the bottom of the river", "uncovering the bottom of the river" is called the century-old wonder of the Yellow River.
It is reported that the Yellow River was last "uncovered" on July 6, 1977 at/kloc-0. This "river bottom revelation" began at 8: 00 on July 5 and lasted until 8: 40. During this period, in the spur dike section of Xiaoshizui Reconstruction Project 1 in Hejin reach, two large-scale lifting objects 1 with a height of about 1 m and a length of about 7-9 m were hoisted successively with the turbulent underwater sound.
At the beginning of July, the tributaries from Wubao to Longmen in the middle reaches of the Yellow River were flooded with heavy rain, and the flood carried a lot of sediment south. On the evening of July 4th, the flood peak discharge of Longmen Hydrological Station at the source of Hejin reached 4600 cubic meters per second, and the maximum sediment concentration was more than 700 kilograms per cubic meter, which created conditions for the phenomenon of "uncovering the bottom of the river" in some areas.
Edit this literary allusion idiom
Swallow mountains and rivers: swallow: engulf. Momentum can engulf mountains and rivers; Describe great verve.
Empty and turbid waves: describe the fierce and magnificent momentum.
Magnificence: a metaphor for grandeur.
Winning the Central Plains: Q: Q: Ding: an ancient cooker with three feet and two ears. It is said that ancient Yu Xia cast Jiuding, representing Kyushu, as a symbol of state power. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Jiuding was an important weapon to spread the country, which was owned by those who won the world. Central Plains: The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River refer to the territory. Metaphor is an attempt to seize the world.
He Qing Hai Yan: It means that the Yellow River is clear and the sea is calm. Describe world peace; Metaphor is that the world is at peace.
Pillar: a metaphor for a strong person or group that can play a pillar role.
Features: Weihe River at the junction of Weihe River and Jinghe River is clear and muddy, and the two are incompatible; Later, it was extended that the two men acted in completely different styles.
Li Heshan, mainly Li Heshan, walked to the river, but there was no picture. Fenmen River, Hehan Jianghuai Yellow River, clear water, clear water, clear sea, exhausted river. Once the river Qing Ming River, Qingyun Qinghe Mountain, sharpened Haiyan River, Qinghe River, Lishan River, carp yue longmen, launched Qinghe River, jumped into the Yellow River, could not wash fish, could not rot the river.
poetry
1, single wood, yellow river in the sky. -Wang Wei's "Send Wei Jun Li to his post"
There was a Yellow River flow in ancient times, and now it is cultivated land. All roads are flexible, and the sea turns to dust. -"Crossing the Yellow River Embankment" by Sadula, a poet of the Yuan Dynasty
3, the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river falls in yen. -Wang Wei's March on the Fortress
4. The mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. Make further progress-Wang Zhihuan's "Heron Tower"
Have you noticed how the water of the Yellow River flows out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return? -Li Bai's "Into the Wine"
6. The Yellow River falls into the East China Sea, and Wan Li writes it in his mind. -Li Bai's "Give Pei Fourteen"
7. The Yellow River is far above the white clouds. It is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain. Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing! -Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci"
8. I will cross the Yellow River, but the ice will suffocate and the ferry will climb the snowy Taihang Mountain. -Li Bai, "It's hard to go"
9. There are nine meanders of Yellow River and Wan Li sand, and waves and strong winds are blowing from the horizon. -Liu Yuxi's "Langtaosha"
10, send Kunlun five-color stream, and a yellow turbid river runs through Zhongchuan. -Wang Anshi's Yellow River
1 1, Wangjing teacher in Baihua Garden, when the Yellow River gushes. There are no pedestrians in the wilderness in the poor autumn, and the horse's head comes to know who it is. -Wang Changling
12, crossing the Yellow River, returning to Cornus for a few days. -Wang Changling's "Send Pei Tunan"
13, the Haixi army on the north bank of the Yellow River, the war drum bells resounded all over the world. The south bank of the Yellow River is my country, Shu, and I have to support my family without millet. -Du Fu's two Yellow River poems
14, see three doors, three doors open, the Yellow River does not return. -He Jingzhi's Sanmenxia-Dressing Table
15, ordered Li Bai to change his poems, and the water of the Yellow River came. -He Jingzhi's Sanmenxia-Dressing Table
16, the yellow river holds the soil, and the north wind hates rain and snow. -the popularity of Li Bai in the north
17, the Yellow River came to Kunlun from the west, and Wan Li roared and touched Longmen. -Li Bai's "Wu Gong Crossing the River"
18, Xiyue is magnificent, and the Yellow River is like a silk sky. -Li Bai's "Xiyue Yuntai Song Send Dan Qiu Zi"
19, and explore the tiger's den to the desert, whip the horse to the Yellow River. -Li Bai's Away from the Eleventh Brother, Pepe, Thirteen Visits to the Great Wall
20. The flowers are blue and the clouds are wide, and the Yellow River wants to be as yellow as the sky. -Li Shangyin's Zaqu Li Furen Song
2 1, the Yellow River is white in autumn in Huang Yun, and pedestrians are relatively worried by the river. -Bai Juyi's "Parting"
22, the bright moon and the yellow river night, the cold sand is like a battlefield. -Li's Night Sleeping on the Yellow River
23. The Yellow River fell into the East China Sea, and Wan Li wrote it in his mind. -Li Bai's "Give Pei Fourteen"
24. Thunder carves Qian Shan horizontally, while surging carves Wan Li. -The Yellow River in Zhu Bingren.
Common saying
1, don't cry until you see the coffin, and don't stop until you reach the Yellow River.
2. Huang Heqing, a saint.
3. The Yellow River is harmful, but it is rich.
4, jumping into the Yellow River can't wash it clearly.
5. The Yellow River is disgusting and kind, while the Yangtze River is kind and evil.
6. The Yellow River returns without looking at Sichuan, and Daimei returns without looking at the mountains.
7, three years, two breaks, a hundred years, a diversion.
8. When the Yellow River dies, the county magistrate will not live.
9. The Yellow River has nine bends and eighteen bends, and a bowl of river water and half a bowl of sand.
10, the Yellow River still has a clarification day. How can people be unlucky?