In military exercises, air burst bombs are used, which are bullets without warheads. However, these air burst bombs are still lethal within 5 meters and can kill people. As far as the exercise is concerned, it is impossible for red and blue double counterattacks to interact with each other within 5 meters.

Shooting, so no one will be hurt. In some important military exercises, the attacking side will fire live ammunition. However, for this kind of live ammunition shooting, the impact point and the offensive route of the attacking side are predetermined. The attacking side will never

Will accidentally enter or enter the bomb impact area. Generally, accidents rarely occur. Live ammunition shooting is to create an atmosphere and environment for actual combat and truly experience actual combat. The same is true for artillery attack and fire coverage. There is absolutely no one in the impact area of ??a real live ammunition shooting.

Yes, the airport is also a simulation. If a live ammunition attack is required, all personnel must evacuate within the specified time. How to determine the outcome is as follows: In military exercises, the director who organizes the exercise also shoulders an important function, which is to determine the outcome.

In order for the exercise to achieve an effect close to actual combat, the refereeing method must be scientific and reasonable. In modern military exercises, refereeing is mainly carried out through qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis is generally used to judge the red and blue sides. {Both sides of the exercise are composed of red and blue sides.

} Make macro-evaluation of tactical thoughts and tactical means.

And when specifically judging the outcome of a certain confrontation.

In order to truly simulate the combat effectiveness and attrition of troops on the battlefield, the director must use mathematical methods to conduct quantitative analysis.

For example, during a military exercise, an 85th Cannon Battery of the Red Army attacked a Blue Army tank position 1,000 meters away.

The director's department will use mathematical methods to make the decision like this: The Red Army's firepower is 6 Type 85 cannons, and the firing time is 5 minutes. Calculated as each gun fires 4 rounds per minute, the entire company fires 72 rounds. According to <

Firearms hit rate and damage rate 〉〉 It can be seen that the hit rate of this throw in direct-aimed shooting at 1000 meters is 56% and the damage rate is 33%. According to the formula "number of rounds fired by direct-aimed artillery * direct-aimed hit rate * direct-aimed damage rate = destroy target

"Counting" shows that the Red Army's tanks destroyed 14 Blue Army tanks.

In this way, the director can make specific judgments on the red and blue double counterattacks: after the Red Army shelling, 14 tanks in the Blue Army's defensive position were "destroyed" and withdrawn from the exercise.

The Blue Army soldiers declared "death". However, this single weapon power calculation cannot simulate the ever-changing modern battlefield. Therefore, in confrontation exercises, the situations that require refereeing cannot be so simple. When encountering complex situations of participating arms and weapons, the director's department

That's how it's judged.

For example, during an exercise, the Red Army detachment attacked the Blue Army high ground. Can the Red Army capture the high ground?

The director's department first analyzed and calculated the firepower of both sides: 21 Red Army assault rifles [firepower index 1], 3 mixed machine guns [firepower index 3], 3 40 rocket launchers [firepower index 9], Type 59 medium tanks [firepower index]

34}2 vehicles, 2 82 recoilless rifles {firepower index 10]; the Blue Army garrison strength is 6 assault rifles {firepower index 1}, 1 squad machine gun {firepower index 3}, 40 rocket launchers {firepower index}

9}1, 1 infantry fighting vehicle {firepower index 28}, and 1 anti-tank missile {firepower index 30}. Through calculation, the Red Army’s firepower index is 148, and the Blue Army’s firepower index is 77. The Red Army is the winner. Regarding the airport and

The attack on other fixed buildings is also based on the number of shells fired, the type and quantity of artillery owned, the firearms of the soldiers participating in the attack and the comprehensive index. After the data is obtained, the director will announce the outcome. In actual battles, firepower only affects

A factor in victory or defeat, so the director must consider the comprehensive factors on the battlefield to come to the conclusion: Red Army combat effectiveness = Firepower index 148 * Tactical level 1.3 * Tactical nature Attack 1 = 192.4. Blue Army combat effectiveness = Firepower index 77 * Tactical defensive nature

2.5*Hills 1.1*Defense preparation time 1*tactical level 0.7=148.225. Therefore, the director can make a judgment: the Red Army’s comprehensive combat effectiveness index is greater than that of the Blue Army, and the Red Army can capture the high ground. The Blue Army fails to defend and withdraws from the exercise. Guard the high ground.

The "death" of the Blue Army soldiers was "dead" or "captured." The "death" of the personnel was also determined by the director's department based on the statistics of the shells and bullets fired by both sides.

Of course, the actual situation of the exercise is more complicated. The above is just a simple example. The actual judgment of victory or defeat must be based on certain tactical calculations, as well as the results of previous actual combat and the experience of the director.