insurance agent qualification examination counseling and downsizing teaching materials (excerpts)

-Wen Jiupeng

Chapter I Risk and Risk Management

Section I Overview of Risk

I. Meaning of Risk

Risk refers to the uncertainty of an event

the uncertainty of the occurrence time and the uncertainty of the result

. Elements of risk

(1) Risk factor

1, tangible risk factor

2, intangible risk factor

(2) Risk accident

refers to accidental events that cause personal injury or property loss

(3) Loss

In insurance practice, it is divided into

1 and direct loss < Loss of income

4. Responsibility

3. Types of risks

(1) Classification by causes of risks

1. Nature

2. Society

3. Politics

4. Economy

5. Technology

(2) According to risks. ) classification by risk nature

1. Pure risk

2. Speculative risk

(4) Classification by social environment generated by risk

1. Static risk

2. Dynamic risk

(5) Classification by behavior that generates risk

1. Basic risk

2. Specific risk. ) the uncertainty of risk

1. the uncertainty of whether the risk occurs

2. the uncertainty of the occurrence time

3. the uncertainty of the result

the unity of the overall inevitability and the individual contingency of the risk constitutes the uncertainty of the risk

(2) the objectivity of the risk

The risk is a kind of risk that is independent of human will. Objective existence independent of people's consciousness

(3) Universality of risks

Risks are everywhere and all the time. It is precisely because of these ubiquitous risks that pose a threat to human social production and people's lives

(4) the measurability of risks

(5) the development of risks

Section 2 Risk management

I, The meaning of risk management

Risk management is a decision-making process used by social organizations or individuals to reduce the negative results of risks

The specific contents of risk management include:

1. The object of risk management is risk

2. The subject of risk management can be any organization or individual, including individuals, families and organizations

3. The process of risk management includes risk identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation. Selecting risk management technology and evaluating the effect of risk management, etc.

4. The basic goal of risk management is to obtain the maximum security at the lowest cost

5. Risk management has become an independent management system and a new discipline

(2) Evolution of risk management

2. Procedures of risk management

(1) Risk identification

is risk management. It refers to the process of judging, classifying and identifying the potential risks faced by enterprises, families or individuals

(II) Risk estimation

(III) Risk evaluation

Assess the possibility and harm degree of risks and decide whether to take corresponding measures.

(4) Choosing the risk management technology

Choosing the best risk management technology is the most important link in risk management

(5) Evaluating the effect of risk management

Analysis, inspection, correction and evaluation

III. The goal of risk management

is to obtain the maximum security at the lowest cost

(1) The goal before loss

1. Reasonable methods to prevent the occurrence of potential losses

3. Alleviate the troubles and worries of enterprises, families and individuals about risks and potential losses

4. Observe and fulfill the social responsibilities and behavioral norms entrusted by society to families and enterprises

(2) Objectives after losses

1. Reduce the harm of losses

2. Provide economic compensation in time

4. Methods of risk management

(I) Controlled risk management technology

1. Avoiding

The method of avoiding risks is generally adopted when the loss frequency and degree caused by a specific risk are quite high or the cost of dealing with risks is greater than the benefits it produces. It is the most thorough and simple method. But it is also a negative method

2. Prevention

3. Suppression

refers to various measures taken to reduce the degree of loss when or after the loss occurs

(2) Financial risk management technology

is in the form of providing funds. Reducing the cost of losses

includes the following methods:

1. Retention risk

refers to self-commitment of risks

2. Transfer risk

refers to some units or individuals to avoid taking losses. And consciously transferring losses or financial consequences related to losses to other units or individuals to bear

transfer risks can be divided into:

(1) financial non-insurance transfer risks

(2) financial insurance transfer risks

Chapter II Overview of Insurance

Section I Elements and characteristics of insurance

I. Significance of insurance

The applicant pays the money and the insurance. Or a risk transfer mechanism

From an economic point of view: very effective financial arrangements

Second, The elements of insurance

The elements of modern commercial insurance mainly include five aspects:

(1) The existence of insurable risks

1. Risks should be pure risks

2. Risks should make a large number of objects have the possibility of suffering losses

3. Risks should lead to significant losses

4. Risks cannot make most of the insured objects suffer losses at the same time

. Losses incurred by a few people are shared among all policyholders

1. Abundance of risks

2. Homogeneity of risks

Homogeneity of risks refers to the risk units in terms of types, quality, performance, Value and other aspects are generally similar

(3) Determination of insurance premium rate

1. Principle of fairness

2. Principle of rationality

3. Principle of moderation

4. Principle of stability

5. Principle of flexibility

(4) Establishment of insurance reserve

The People's Republic of China and China

1. Quasi-principal of unexpired liabilities

2. Quasi-principal of life insurance liabilities

3. Quasi-principal of outstanding liabilities

4. Total quasi-principal (free reserve)

Total reserve is extracted from after-tax profits of insurance companies

(5) Conclusion of insurance contracts

1. Insurance contracts are forms that reflect the existence of insurance relationships < The characteristics of insurance

(1) mutual assistance

one person for all, all for one person

(2) legal

(3) economic

(4) commodity

is directly manifested in the exchange relationship between individual insurers and individual policyholders

and indirectly in the exchange relationship between all insurers and all policyholders in a certain period of time. Comparison between insurance and similar systems

(I) Insurance and social insurance

Social insurance is divided into: endowment insurance, medical insurance, career insurance, work injury insurance and maternity insurance

1. Personal insurance and social insurance. The similarities are as follows:

(1) taking the existence of risks as the premise

(2) taking the elements of social reproduction as the object

(3) taking the probability theory and the law of large numbers as the mathematical basis for customizing insurance rates

(4) taking the establishment of insurance funds as the material basis for providing economic security

2. Differences between personal insurance and social insurance

. P>(4) Different principles of application

(5) Different guarantee functions

(6) Different premium burdens

(2) Insurance and relief

Civil relief (social relief) and government relief

(3) Insurance and savings

Insurance and savings are all prepared for the future with the remaining funds now

Different fees and purposes

Classification of insurance in the second quarter

I. Classification according to implementation mode

(I) Compulsory insurance

is comprehensive and unified

(II) Voluntary insurance

II, According to the classification of the subject matter of insurance

(1) Property insurance

1. Property loss insurance

2. Liability insurance

3. Credit insurance

4. Guarantee insurance

(2) Personal insurance

1. Life insurance-life

2. Health insurance-health insurance. Classification according to underwriting methods

(1) * * * Same insurance

(2) Compound insurance

(3) Double insurance

Section III Functions of insurance

1. Insurance protection function

Protection function is the foundation of insurance. Performance: compensation of property insurance and payment function of life insurance < P > (1) compensation of property insurance < P > Through compensation, the actual loss of existing social wealth caused by disasters and accidents is compensated in value. Recover in use value

(II) Payment of personal insurance

II. Financing function

Insurance financing should be based on the guarantee of insurance compensation or payment

III. Social management function

(I) Social security management

(II) Social risk management

(III) Social relationship management

(III) The historical evolution of insurance

(I) The emergence of human insurance thoughts

China is the first country to apply the basic principle of insurance

The code of hammurabi is the earliest regulation on insurance

Among all kinds of insurance, marine insurance has the earliest origin and the longest history

* *. Contribution in general average is the embryo of marine insurance

(II) The embryo of insurance

1. Ship mortgage loan system

2. Black Puri system

3. Chirt system

(III) The formation and development of modern insurance

1. Marine insurance-originated from Italy

2. Fire insurance-Bapon. Insurance

Second, the present situation and development prospect of insurance industry in China

(1) The formation of modern insurance in China

People's Insurance Company of China officially opened on October 2, 1949

(III) The current situation of China's insurance market

Insurance density refers to the per capita premium income calculated according to a country's national population

Insurance depth refers to the proportion of premium income to gross domestic product (GDP)

In p>1992, the first American AIA company was allowed to operate in China

(IV. Contract

Section 1 Characteristics and types of insurance contracts

I. Significance of insurance contracts

A contract is an agreement that parties with equal subjects agree to establish, change and terminate the relationship of rights and obligations in order to achieve a certain purpose

Article 1 of the Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates that an insurance contract is an agreement between the applicant and the insurer to stipulate the relationship of rights and obligations of insurance

Collect insurance premiums. On the contrary . .

Second, the characteristics of insurance contracts

(1) Insurance contracts are paid contracts

It is mainly reflected in the corresponding price that the insured must pay to obtain insurance risk protection, that is, insurance premiums

The insurer has to collect insurance premiums. You must undertake the insurance guarantee responsibility

(2) The insurance contract is a guarantee contract

(3) The insurance contract is a conditional two-way contract

(4) The insurance contract is in line with the contract

It is drawn up by one party in advance. The other party can only make a trade-off decision

(5) The insurance contract is a lucky contract

(6) The insurance contract is the biggest credit contract

3, Types of insurance contracts

(1) compensatory insurance contracts and payment insurance contracts

1. compensatory insurance contracts

2. payment insurance contracts

(2) fixed insurance contracts and non-fixed insurance contracts

1. fixed insurance contracts

2. non-fixed insurance contracts

(3) single risk contracts, Comprehensive risk contract and all-risk contract

1. Single risk contract

2. Comprehensive risk contract

3. All-risk contract

clause determines the risks it does not underwrite. All risks not included in the liability exemption clause belong to the insurer's scope of coverage

(4) full insurance contract, Under-insurance contract and over-insurance contract

1. Full-insurance contract: refers to the insurance contract whose insurance amount is greater than that at the time of the insurance accident

2. Under-insurance contract: refers to the insurance contract whose insurance amount is less than that at the time of the insurance accident

3. Over-insurance contract: refers to the insurance contract whose insurance amount is less than that at the time of the insurance accident

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