the conservative social movement in the United States since p>196

The conservative social movement refers to the conservative thinkers entering the society from the ivory tower, and expanding the social and political influence of conservative thoughts by guiding and establishing political organizations and religious organizations, interest groups/political action committees, foundations, think tanks, etc. This social movement has a wide range of contents, involving economic/fiscal conservatism movement, social/cultural conservative righteousness movement, federalism movement, free will movement, etc. The most important one is social/cultural conservative movement, and the main movement should be "new right" and "religious right". Although the "religious right" is closely related to the "new right", its leaders are mainly evangelists of various sects, including evangelists and Protestant fundamentalism. It contains both Catholic orthodoxy and Jewish orthodoxy, so it has more theological color than the "new right". In addition, the "new right" and the "religious right" lived in different times. The "new right" was mainly active in the 197s and 198s, while the "religious right" was more active in the 198s and 199s and the 21st century.

just as the "old right" in the 194s and 195s was the opposite of the "old left" in the 193s, the "new right" in the 197s and 198s was the opposite of the "new left" in the 196s. The opposition between the "old right" and the "old left" is mainly due to economic problems. The differences between the "new right" and the "new left" are caused by a series of social and cultural problems. The new right was brewing in the 196s, but it only rose in the 197s and 198s, and its influence on society and politics lagged behind that of the "new left". Since the "Students for

Democratic Society (SDS) was established on campus in 1962, the" New Left "launched a vigorous social movement

in the 196s, such as the civil rights movement, the feminist movement, the anti-war movement, the anti-cultural movement and the sexual liberation movement. Their criticism of the society and the impact of these movements

. Their presidential candidates, Hubert Humphrey and George McGovern, were nominated by the Democratic Party in 1968 and 1972 respectively. However, their influence gradually declined after the 197s. Under the guidance of conservative thinkers such as William Buckley Jr., the right-wing student organization "Young Americans for Freedom" (YAF) was established on campus in 196, and it didn't disintegrate until the 198s. Most of the students in this organization come from the family of * * * and Party members. They don't think that * * * and Party liberalism have the freedom, tradition and order respected by

"conservative" classical liberalism. The centralized system in Washington is the result of the excessive development of democratic liberalism, and the expansion of government functions makes it give some people freedom while taking away others'

freedom, such as implementing new compulsory racial integration and affirmative action in the south. This organization has trained many cadres for the conservative movement of the New Right in 197s and 198s, such as the core leader of the New Right: Richard Wei Gerry, who was the first executive director of YAF, became a direct mail fund-raising expert of the conservative political movement; Howard Philip, a veteran of YAF, established the organization of "Conservative

Doctrine Core Conference"; and Paul Veric, a conservative activist, launched the conservative movement of "Christian Right" < p

It is generally believed that the "new right" and "religious right" mainly carry out their activities through four types of organizations: (1) Political Action Committee. The Political Action Committee refers to the political organization of interest groups that donate money to candidates running for public office, and its activities are mainly fund-raising and donation. The purpose is to help conservatives enter the leadership, so as to make them sympathize with the conservative leader < P > Zhang. For example, in 1974, Veric led the establishment of the "Committee for the Survival of a Free Congress" aimed at helping conservatives to be elected as members of Congress; In 1975, the conservative caucus established under Phillips' leadership was mainly held at the grass-roots level, and there were branches in each country's parliamentary constituency, with about 3, members. In 1974, the National Conservative Political Action Committee led by Terry Dolan became the largest conservative political action committee in the United States. (2) Interest groups with single issues. The National Committee for the Right to Life, which opposes abortion < P >, claims to have 1 million members; The National Committee on the Right to Work, which advocates the abolition of the minimum wage law, said it had 1.5 million donors. The National Taxpayers' Union against high taxes has 45, members, claiming to be the oldest and largest taxpayer organization in China. The American Gunmen Association, which opposes gun control, also has 1.86 million members. (3) Religious organizations. 78

The religious conservative groups that emerged in the 197' s had more and more influence on politics. First, the Christian Voice established by Robert Grant in 1978, the religious round table established by Edward McAteer and the Reverend James Robinson in 1979, the National Christian Action Alliance established by Robert Billings, and the Moral Majority established by Jerry Fauvel in 1979. After that, Pat Robertson's "religious right"; The former claimed that 12 liberal Democrats lost the election in 198

, while the latter claimed that it had made contributions to * * * and the party regaining the leadership of the National Assembly in 1994. In fact, the "religious right" has been growing and now has 1.7 million members. Since 1992, it has become an important force in * * * and the Party. In some states (such as Alaska and Minnesota), evangelical Christianity and the

right to life movement, branches of the "religious right", have actually controlled the state's * * * and party organizations. This kind of religious group with strong political nature has been very active in the nomination process of * * * and the party's last three presidential elections. Like most interest groups, religious groups also adopt new technologies to carry out

political activities, such as telephone bank, fax, satellite TV, electronic bulletin board, radio talk and direct mail. The "religious right"

publishes its scores of members of Congress on relevant issues every two years. It is most concerned about family morality, so it opposes

any proposals such as abortion and same-sex families. Think tanks and publications. In 1973, Paul Veric founded the traditional foundation, a think tank of the new right

school. Before entering the 198s, the traditional foundation rarely surpassed the activities of * * * and the party conservatives, so it was less noticeable. After the 198s, with Reagan in power, the scope of the traditional foundation gradually expanded, and now

it focuses on internal affairs, diplomacy, economy and social issues. Especially since the 199s, the influence of traditional foundations on policies has been particularly obvious. In 1994, * * * and the new members of the Party changed their routine and went to the traditional foundation instead of

Harvard University to listen to reports on legislation, which reflected the influence of the new right on * * * and the Party.

Since George W. Bush took office, the influence of the traditional foundation has been greatly strengthened, and many nominations in Bush's cabinet have been recommended by the talent pool of the traditional foundation. The publications of the new right mainly include the monthly magazine "Conservative Digest" founded by Viguerie in 1975, and now it has become the organ publication of the "new < P > right". In addition, many organizations of the "new right" have their own publications, such as the quarterly review of politics and policies of the Heritage Foundation and the monthly tradition today.

Compared with the conservative ideological movement in the forties and fifties, the social movements of the "new right" and "religious right" are right

populist movements, and their influence is far-reaching and enormous, which is manifested in the following aspects: (1) their organizations are constantly developing and strong

, and the number of self-proclaimed conservatives in American society is growing steadily, and by 1993 it was almost the same as that of self-proclaimed moderates

. Religious Rightists have great influence in the south and midwest, so these places are called "Bible Belt". (2) The influence on

*** and the Party is growing. Conservatism has become the mainstream of * * * and the Party since 198s. People tend to think that

is an important reason for Reagan's coming to power. In the mid-term elections in 1994, * * * and the Party

regained control of Congress by overwhelming victory. (3) After

in the 198s, it had a growing influence on American public policies. For example, the "New Rightists" used grassroots organizations to directly put their policy ideas into practice.

The "Eagle Forum" with 5, members led by Phyllis Shrifray was "successful" by testifying in the state legislature, holding rallies,

gathering people to petition and lobbying. Under the pressure of many organizations of the "new right" and "religious right" who oppose abortion, since 1976, ***

and the party's platform have written four times in succession to support the adoption of a constitutional amendment, "to restore the protection of the rights of unborn children".

In p>1981-1982, the "new right" also put forward 118 bills in 31 States. It is forbidden to use intrauterine devices, because life begins with conception.

In the mid-199s, the religious right hoped that the conservative 14th Congress controlled by the Party would pass a bill prohibiting abortion, but

it was not fully realized. In 1995, they passed the Contract with American Families to express their dissatisfaction with the Party members.

(4) the influence on all Americans' political ideas or public philosophy. According to the general social survey

conducted by the Chicago Center for Public Opinion Research, since 1974, people's positions on a series of issues have become more and more conservative. In the 1988 general election,

liberalism became a "dirty word" and became synonymous with extravagance and unrestrained. In 1996, even President Clinton of the Democratic Party declared that "the era of big government is gone forever". This shows that conservatism has not only become the main trend of the * * * and

parties, but also has had an impact on the policy concepts of the Democratic Party.

since the end of the cold war, conservatives have stepped up their efforts to "seize" think tanks and universities, in an attempt to make the conservative social movement in the United States continue to develop and exert greater influence in social politics. The

survey of "National Committee of Compassionate Charities" found that from 1992 to 1994, 12 major conservative foundations in the United States provided $21 million in grants to research institutes, universities, think tanks, media

bodies and interest groups, among which the traditional foundation advertised as "free market" received the most

with $8.9 million, followed by the American Enterprise Institute. Cato Institute, US$ 3.9 million, Hudson Institute, US$ 3.3 million and Manhattan Institute, US$ 2.1 million. Veric's Freedom Committee received $5 million,

William Crystal's National Interest and Public Interest magazines received $1.9 million, New Standard received $1.7 million, Porto Horoz's Review received $1 million, and another $3.2 million was given to William Buckley and Ben Watt Jr. Among the famous universities, Chicago University, the bastion of conservative ideas, received the most funds, reaching more than 1 million US dollars, followed by Harvard University, 9.6 million US dollars, George Mei Sen University, 8 million US dollars and Yale University, 5.9 million US dollars. These think tanks and universities have exerted great influence on American social policies (such as welfare reform, affirmative action,

social security, education reform), economic policies (such as balanced budget, tax reduction, etc.) and foreign/defense policies (such as NATO's eastward expansion,

the revision of the new Japan-US security treaty, and the proposal of NMD) in the past decade. Conservatives clearly know that ideas

have an impact, so the investment in ideas is more aggressive.