Science and technology incubator, also known as high-tech innovation service center (hereinafter referred to as innovation center), is a science and technology innovation service institution with the purpose of promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and cultivating high-tech enterprises and entrepreneurs.
What is an incubator? Every new small company is regarded as an egg.
Grow sturdily in the incubation center and finally fly high.
Simply put, it is an office building.
What are the troubles of incubating enterprises? Refers to the enterprises being cultivated by the Innovation Service Center of Science Park. Entrepreneurship service center is commonly known as science and technology business incubator, so enterprises that are still serving are called incubating enterprises.
What is an enterprise? Enterprise profile
Enterprises generally refer to profit-making organizations engaged in economic activities such as production, circulation and service under the conditions of socialized mass production.
Basic understanding of the concept of enterprise.
(1) Enterprises exist under the conditions of socialized mass production, and are the products of commodity production and commodity exchange.
(2) An enterprise is an economic organization engaged in basic economic activities such as production, circulation and service.
(3) As far as the essence of an enterprise is concerned, it belongs to a profit-making organization that pursues profits.
Basic functions of enterprises
The basic function of an enterprise is to engage in economic activities such as production, circulation and service, and provide goods and services to the society to meet the needs of the society.
The basic function of industrial enterprises: through industrial production activities, that is, using science and technology and devices to change the shape and efficiency of raw materials, to produce products needed by society.
The basic function of commercial enterprises is to provide needed products or services to the society through the transfer or value exchange of commodity entities.
What is the net sales income of the enterprise? The so-called net sales revenue refers to the sales revenue minus the items deducted from the current sales revenue, such as sales discounts, sales discounts and sales returns. Not the turnover minus all expenses.
calculate
Net sales = total sales-(sales return+sales discount, discount)
The net sales revenue of products or commodities includes sales revenue that has received payment and sales revenue that has not received payment but has been confirmed (credit sales).
Note: Generally speaking, selling on credit is a business secret of an enterprise and is not disclosed to the public.
The net sales of products is the final settlement amount promised by the purchasing unit, which is the real sales revenue amount. The proportion of net sales revenue to total sales revenue reflects the competition degree of enterprise products in the market, as well as the sales strategy and contract implementation degree of the enterprise.
The ratio of sales discount to sales revenue is regular, and we must find the best ratio to deal with it effectively, that is, expand sales and relatively reduce discounts.
What is the net income of an enterprise? There should be no distinction between "pure" and "impure". If you understand "net income" in your way, it should be understood as "income without tax" or "residual income after removing costs", but it will never be said in accounting, that is profit.
What is an enterprise ~ what is a company profile?
Enterprises generally refer to profit-making organizations engaged in economic activities such as production, circulation and service under the conditions of socialized mass production.
Basic understanding of the concept of enterprise.
(1) Enterprises exist under the conditions of socialized mass production, and are the products of commodity production and commodity exchange.
(2) An enterprise is an economic organization engaged in basic economic activities such as production, circulation and service.
(3) As far as the essence of an enterprise is concerned, it belongs to a profit-making organization that pursues profits.
Basic functions of enterprises
The basic function of an enterprise is to engage in economic activities such as production, circulation and service, and provide goods and services to the society to meet the needs of the society.
The basic function of industrial enterprises: through industrial production activities, that is, using science and technology and devices to change the shape and efficiency of raw materials, to produce products needed by society.
The basic function of commercial enterprises is to provide needed products or services to the society through the transfer or value exchange of commodity entities.
A company is a legal person enterprise established in accordance with legal conditions and procedures, which can be divided into unlimited companies and limited companies. Companies are also enterprises, but they are modern enterprises. Enterprise system was born and developed during the gestation and development of market economy. The development of enterprise system has gone through three stages: individual owner enterprise (individual enterprise), partnership enterprise and company enterprise. As a modern enterprise, the company was born late. The main reason is that the corporate governance structure of companies is different. The highest authority of a company (joint-stock company) is the shareholders' meeting, which consists of the board of directors (decision-making body) and the board of supervisors (supervisory body). Below the board of directors is the manager (the general manager hired by the board of directors), who is responsible for the operation of the company. The earliest company was the Dutch East India Company.
What is a company limited by shares?
"Joint-stock companies are also called joint-stock companies. It and limited liability company are two basic forms of modern company. In the common law system, joint-stock companies are called public companies or listed companies. It is a company that raises funds by issuing shares and divides the capital into equal shares. Established by certain legal procedures, with all its assets to bear limited liability for the company's debts. (It's time to copy the bottom! These stocks will go up soon ...)
The characteristics of a company limited by shares are as follows:
1. Limited by Share Ltd is a legal person. A joint stock limited company is established in accordance with certain articles of association and legal procedures. It acquires assets, undertakes debts, operates independently, independently performs civil rights and obligations, and has its own independent legal personality.
2. The liability of shareholders of a joint stock limited company is limited. Shareholders shall only bear limited liability for the debts of the company with their share capital. A company as a legal person also bears limited liability for debts only with all its assets. Other property of shareholders has nothing to do with the debts of the company. Analyze the real purpose of mainstream funds and find the best profit opportunities! )
3. The capital of a joint stock limited company is divided into several equal shares with equal share capital. A joint-stock company raises capital by issuing shares, and shareholders enjoy corresponding rights and obligations in proportion to their shareholding. One share, one right, one benefit and one responsibility, and equity is equal. Here, the personal identity, reputation and status of shareholders are no longer meaningful. Anyone who holds shares in the company is a shareholder of the company and enjoys corresponding rights and obligations.
4. The number of shareholders of a joint stock limited company shall not be less than the minimum limit prescribed by law, but there is no maximum limit. Due to the important position and role of joint-stock companies in the contemporary market economy, the laws of various countries have made clear and specific provisions on the minimum number of shareholders of joint-stock companies. For example, in the United States, France and Japan, there are seven people, while in Germany, there are five people. China's "Company Law" stipulates that "there should be more than 5 promoters". Because the joint-stock company concentrates the widely dispersed capital in society by issuing shares, the equity is quite scattered, so there is no need to set the upper limit of the number of shareholders.
5. The assets of a joint stock limited company become the property of a legal person. Here, the ultimate ownership of property and legal person ownership are clearly separated, and the right to operate is also separated from the ultimate ownership of property. After the establishment of a joint-stock company, its assets become enterprise assets independently. Shareholders are the ultimate owners of the company's assets, and their property rights are converted into equity. He holds shares in the company and enjoys all the rights conferred by the shares, but may not directly interfere in the company's operation. An enterprise as a legal person is the legal person owner of the company's assets and enjoys complete independent management rights.
6. The shares of a joint stock limited company are non-refundable, but they are freely transferable and have sufficient liquidity. This feature is the need of the stability and continuity of the company's operation. Only by ensuring the integrity and stability of corporate assets can the company's operation continue to be stable. However, shareholders can transfer and buy and sell stocks. The transfer and sale of stocks is actually the transfer and sale of equity. Once the stock is transferred or sold, the corresponding rights and obligations are also transferred and sold.
7. Joint stock limited companies implement the principle of financial disclosure. The company laws of various countries generally stipulate that a joint stock limited company must regularly publish its financial status and operating status, and regularly publish its annual report and related financial statements, such as operating report, balance sheet, income statement, profit distribution table and property catalogue, so as to strengthen the public's understanding and supervision of the company and protect the interests of shareholders and creditors.
8. The joint-stock company has a strict and scientific management system. The board of directors and the shareholders' meeting, the general manager hired by the board of directors (some of whom also have a board of supervisors) have clear rights and responsibilities, forming an efficient mechanism of checks and balances, thus ensuring the long-term behavior of enterprises and ensuring the interests of owners, operators and workers.
These characteristics of joint-stock company make it have many advantages and become the best organization mode of scale operation in modern market economy. In market economy countries, large and medium-sized enterprises usually take the form of joint-stock companies. These large companies account for a small proportion in the total number of enterprises, but their output value, profits and employment account for a large proportion, which plays an important role in the national economy.
A limited liability company refers to an enterprise legal person established in China according to the Company Law. Shareholders are liable to the company to the extent of their capital contribution, and the company is liable to its debts with all its assets.
Joint-stock companies, also known as joint-stock companies, and limited liability companies are two basic forms of modern companies. In the common law system, joint-stock companies are called public companies or listed companies. It is a company that raises funds by issuing shares and divides the capital into equal shares. Established by certain legal procedures, with all its assets to bear limited liability for the company's debts.
I hope I can help you ~
What do you mean when you say that CRO enterprises are contract research institutions? Simply put, it means that the drugs transferred to pharmaceutical factories are used in clinical trials, that is, the drugs are protected by traditional Chinese medicine.
The Contract Research Organization (CRO) originated in the United States in the early 1980s. It is an academic or commercial scientific research institution that provides specialized services in basic medicine and clinical medicine research and development for pharmaceutical enterprises, medical institutions, small and medium-sized medical device research and development enterprises and even various * * * funds through contracts.
According to the nature of work, CRO can be roughly divided into Pre-Clinical)CRO and clinical CRO. The clinical research of CRO is mainly based on clinical trials.
Data expansion:
CRO and CRAO were born.
For most pharmaceutical companies, it is an inevitable choice for modern professional division of labor to entrust part or all of CRO companies, which is more professional, more effective, easier to achieve results, easier to succeed and lower in cost.
At present, the R&D and registration ability of pharmaceutical enterprises in China can be divided into five categories: strong R&D and strong registration, strong R&D and weak registration, weak R&D and weak registration, and no R&D and registration. Among them, the first category is very few large, foreign-funded and joint venture companies, accounting for about 10%- 15%, the second, third and fourth categories account for the vast majority, accounting for about 65%-75%, and the fifth category is companies without R&D and registration ability, accounting for about1.
In terms of R&D ability, most pharmaceutical companies have no R&D team, or their strength is weak, or there are no talents who know R&D at all; There is no awareness and concept of modern research and development; No or lack of R&D experience; There are no facilities and conditions for research and development. In terms of registration ability, most pharmaceutical companies do not have a registration team, or their strength is weak, or there is a serious shortage of registered talents; Incomplete, profound or little understanding of the requirements of regulations and guidelines; No registration experience, let alone understanding the evaluation practice outside the regulations and guidelines; There is no awareness and ability to plan and guide R&D work according to the requirements of regulations and guidelines and registered experience.
It is difficult, costly or even impossible for a pharmaceutical company to become a company with strong R&D and strong registration.
It is in this case that CRO (Contract Research Institute) and CRAO (Contract Law Affairs Agency) came into being. The former, specializing in drug research and development; The latter is specialized in drug registration and compliance with various laws and regulations. "