. 1 The distribution of credit term structure of commercial banks in China is unreasonable.
At present, the problems existing in the credit term structure of commercial banks in China are: the proportion of long-term credit is too high, and the proportion of short-term credit is too small. This has gone through a process of change. Since the reform and opening up, most banks have chosen short-term credit term according to China's national conditions and credit market demand. Therefore, the proportion of short-term loans in China's bank loan business has been above 50%. However, with the development of China's economy and the reform and listing of state-owned banks, commercial banks are paying more and more attention to long-term stable returns under the principle of maximizing shareholders' profits. Therefore, most banks constantly adjust short-term assets and increase long-term credit assets, and even some banks increase long-term loans at the expense of liquidity.
As can be seen from Figure 1, the proportion of short-term loans in 2008 decreased by 2.4% compared with that in 2006. The proportion of medium and long-term loans increased from 47.3% to 565,438+0.65,438+0% in 2008, up 3.8% year-on-year. The growth rate of medium and long-term loans is 7.9% higher than that of short-term loans. This set of data not only fully reflects the changes in China's credit market demand, but also is a true portrayal of banks increasing credit risk management and improving credit asset returns. It is worth noting that this behavior of sacrificing liquidity will increase the credit risk of banks, especially the financial crisis will lead to tight liquidity of banks. If the proportion of medium and long-term loans of banks is too high, the consequences will be very serious.
1.2 The credit ownership structure of China's commercial banks is unbalanced.
At present, the problems existing in the credit ownership structure of China's commercial banks are: credit rationing is inclined to state-owned enterprises, but relatively few to non-public economic enterprises in China, resulting in unbalanced credit rationing of ownership.
China is a socialist market economy with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together. With the deepening of market economy construction, the non-public economy has achieved rapid development. Among them, the private economy has increasingly become an active point of economic development. However, the development of private economy and other non-public economy is still hindered, and the credit supply of commercial banks is an urgent problem that we need to solve. For a long time, China's banking industry has grown up under the monopoly environment of state-owned banks, and naturally leans towards state-owned enterprises in bank credit distribution, with less credit support for private enterprises. This has institutional problems and is also the result of information asymmetry. Because it is difficult for banks to distinguish the complete credit information of enterprises and the cost of obtaining this information is high, banks are more willing to choose state-owned enterprises with good credit and state support.
1.3 The distribution of credit industry in China's commercial banks is unreasonable.
Since the reform and opening up, there has been a great imbalance in the distribution of China's credit industry. Mainly manifested in: more industrial credit supply, less agricultural credit support; Productive credit follows fast, while consumer credit follows slowly; Traditional industries have large credit support, while sunrise industries have little credit support; It is particularly noteworthy that the risk of real estate credit funds is too high, which will not be conducive to the healthy development of credit funds of commercial banks in China.
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, with the strong support of national credit, China's productive forces, especially those industries and fields conducive to faster economic development, have developed rapidly. Among them, the traditional manufacturing, processing, steel and cement industries have made great progress, while some capital-intensive industries such as real estate, IT and finance have also developed rapidly. The reason why such great achievements have been made is not unrelated to the credit inclination of Chinese banks to these industries. However, while seeing these achievements, we should see that some projects with high energy consumption, high pollution, high duplication and high risk have existed for a long time under the protection of bank credit policies. These projects are characterized by high risks and are greatly influenced by policies. This phenomenon is not only related to the long-term rationing policy of the national bank credit industry, but also involves the interests of various localities and departments. At the same time, we should also see that banks have less credit support for agriculture, which leads to long-term backwardness of agriculture. Credit funds are mainly concentrated in natural monopoly industries such as electric power, petrochemical, petroleum, telecommunications, transportation and railways.
Problems existing in credit structure
Due to the traditional inertia of state-owned commercial banks' own operation and the reform cost of national economic system transition, the credit structure of state-owned commercial banks has obvious defects. The defect and imbalance of credit structure lead to the high proportion of non-performing loans, and the total amount of loans is negatively related to the quality and benefit of loans, which are declining year by year, and the overall loans are characterized by high risk. At present, the serious defects in the credit structure of state-owned commercial banks are highlighted as follows (taking a secondary garbage bank in Liaoning as an example):
1. Distribution of economic components of existing credit assets: Taiwan Province Management. Loans from state-owned and collective customers account for more than 90% of all loans; Township enterprises, private enterprises, individuals, joint-stock companies, joint-stock companies, foreign-funded enterprises, individuals and other customers account for a small proportion, accounting for only about 8% of all loans.
Second, the distribution of existing credit assets industry is unreasonable. Loans from traditional industries such as textiles, coal, chemicals and domestic trade account for more than 80% of the total loans, while emerging industries such as science and technology, real estate, electricity, transportation, construction, medicine, communication services and hospitals and schools only account for about 15% of the total loans.
Third, the term structure of existing credit assets is unreasonable. Short-term loans account for more than 75% of all loans, and medium-and long-term loans account for about 25% of all loans.
Fourth, the existing credit asset business structure is unreasonable. From the type of credit assets, traditional loans such as working capital and fixed assets account for more than 90% of all loans, while new loans such as real estate and personal consumption account for only about 5% of all loans.
Distribution of non-performing loans in commercial banks
From the perspective of industry distribution, the non-performing loans of Hubei Bank (Wuhan) Company are in the central region. The first is the central region, where the epidemic broke out in Wuhan, which is the economic hub of the whole central region. The epidemic has led to a sluggish economic growth in Wuhan. In the first quarter of 2020, Wuhan's accumulated GDP decreased by 40.5% year-on-year, setting a new low for decades. Many enterprises went bankrupt, and the loans in banks became subprime, suspicious or even lost, and the non-performing loans increased greatly.
Distribution of Loan Industry of Qingdao Rural Commercial Bank in 20021Year-end
At the end of 20021,the loan industry of Qingdao rural commercial bank was distributed in agriculture, countryside and farmers. Focusing on "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" and Pratt & Whitney, Qingdao Rural Commercial Bank has strengthened financial support for key customers such as small and micro enterprises, private enterprises, individual industrial and commercial households, small and micro enterprise owners and farmers, intensified product innovation and promotion, and made efforts to solve the problems of rural customers' difficulty in financing and finding insurance. Qingdao Rural Commercial Bank pays attention to financial service bottlenecks such as weak financial service foundation and lack of customer credit data in rural areas, and constantly strengthens technological empowerment, so that information can run more and customers can run less errands. The bank has successively developed characteristic agricultural products such as mortgage loans for rural land contractual management rights and financial poverty alleviation loan products such as rich agricultural loans. Cooperate with the Communist Youth League Committee to launch a series of products such as Qingchuang Pioneer Loan. The city's first talent loan, strong village loan and women's entrepreneurship loan were issued, which effectively connected financial services with the needs of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. By the end of 20021,the loan balance of Qingdao Rural Commercial Bank for farmers was1881700,000 yuan, the loan balance for supporting emerging agricultural business entities was17.57 million yuan, the loan amount for talents was1200,000 yuan, and the entrepreneurial loan for retired military personnel was 65,438+.
Distribution of small and micro enterprise loan industry in Henan Rural Credit Cooperatives 202 1
Rural credit cooperatives are the main financial force supporting agriculture and supporting small businesses in our province. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, its effect of supporting agriculture was further revealed. The balance of agricultural loans increased by nearly 370 billion yuan, the balance of loans for small and micro enterprises increased by nearly 280 billion yuan, and the accumulated loans related to rural revitalization exceeded 260 billion yuan, ranking first among financial institutions in the province.
During the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" period, rural credit cooperatives will make greater efforts to serve agriculture, countryside and farmers. At the 20021annual working meeting of the rural credit cooperatives in our province held on February 28th, Wang Yong, secretary of the Party Committee of the rural credit cooperatives in our province, said that the rural credit cooperatives in our province will firmly consolidate the achievements of tackling poverty, support rural revitalization, implement the major political responsibilities of "six stabilities" and "six guarantees", and ensure that the balance of agricultural loans, private loans and loans for small and micro enterprises ranks first among the banking financial institutions in our province.
During the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the rural credit cooperatives in the province will invest more than 400 billion yuan in rural revitalization loans. Rural credit cooperatives at all levels will take the initiative to connect with local party committees and governments, actively follow up and fully integrate, promote the effective connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, and form a four-level linkage work pattern among provinces, cities, counties and townships. Focus on rural industrial development, improvement of rural living environment, rural infrastructure construction, food security, cultivation of agricultural business entities, cultivation of new agricultural formats and other fields, do a good job in product research and development, and increase financial support.
The new model of "party building finance" is a useful exploration for rural credit cooperatives to promote the integration of party building and business. Rural credit cooperatives have formed a three-level "Party Building Finance" alliance with local party committees and governments, organically combining the political and organizational advantages of the party with the advantages of funds and platforms of rural credit cooperatives, moving forward the loan procedures, and carrying out the credit evaluation work of "promoting the whole village and granting credit in batches" in advance. When users need funds, they can apply for loans at the outlets of rural credit cooperatives at any time with the credit line, which better solves the problems of "who will do it" and "who will do it" in rural revitalization. It is reported that the provincial rural credit cooperatives will take this model as an important starting point for serving the rural revitalization strategy and fully promote it throughout the province.
Distribution of Loan Industry of Suzhou Rural Commercial Bank in Jiangsu Province
Distribution of loan industry of rural commercial banks in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province. Judging from the regional distribution of loans, in the first three quarters of this year, Suzhou (excluding Wujiang) added 5.345 billion yuan of new loans, with the total loan amount increasing by 33.79% compared with the beginning of the year, accounting for 3.23 percentage points of the total loan amount of the whole bank, reaching 19.84%, and Suzhou's urban expansion strategy continued to be further promoted. The industrial distribution in Suzhou city is diversified. In addition to traditional manufacturing enterprises, the bank also actively increased investment in emerging industries. At the same time, the bank currently has 265,438+0 branches in Suzhou, and will also focus on providing credit according to the industry characteristics of the town where the main branches of investor relations activities are located.