The world pattern of competitive sailing windsurfing
European players (Britain, France, Italy, Greece, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and other countries) are in an advantageous position, because European competitive sailing and windsurfing has a long history, sailing and windsurfing clubs are all over the country, and mass activities are very popular. FIA member Europe accounts for more than 30%. There are often sailing and windsurfing competitions in Europe, and there are large-scale competitions every week, which is very conducive to improving the technical and tactical level of players. America, Canada, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand in America and Oceania have made great achievements in previous Olympic Games and have the strength to compete with Europe. Class 470 and Asian women's windsurfing level is relatively high, and other grades are average.
This year is the first year in which the preparations for the 2008 Qingdao Olympic Games are in full swing. All the preparatory work closely revolves around the overall goal of "holding the best Olympic sailing competition in history", reflects the characteristics of "maritime Olympics" according to the requirements of the three concepts of "green Olympics, high-tech Olympics and people's Olympics", and actively carries out the work and has achieved remarkable results. At the briefing on the preparations for the 2002 Qingdao Olympic Games held recently, Zang Aimin, vice mayor of Qingdao, fully affirmed the preparations for this year's Olympic Games.
Clear objectives and themes, and form the overall framework of the preparatory work.
Compared with the success of the Athens Olympic Games, how to grasp the golden opportunity of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to run the Olympic Sailing Competition well, so as to successfully build the "Sailing Capital"? This is not a question mark left four years later, but an urgent problem to be solved now.
Realistic requirements: quickly run into the "role"
After the Athens Olympic Games, the Olympic Games went to the next stop, and the eyes of the world turned to Beijing, including Qingdao. In fact, holding the Olympic Sailing Competition is not just a half-month activity during the Olympic Games. In the previous two or three years, Athens has been constantly accepting criticism from the world.
Sailors have high requirements for adapting to the water environment and often enter the competition venue several times in advance. Although the Cosmas Sailing Center in Athens was built in early 2002, after the Sydney Olympic Games, foreign sailing teams came here to test the water in advance to get familiar with the stadium environment. It is understood that at the beginning, Cosmas Sailing Center underestimated this and rushed to deal with the foreign fleets that followed, and the related supporting services could not keep up for a while. Until the Olympic sailing competition was officially held, there was still suspicion of being in a hurry.
Now Fushan Bay in Qingdao is also facing the Cosmas problem four years ago. Sailing teams from the United States and Britain put forward the requirement of "adapting to Qingdao" as early as 2005, and there are not a few other foreign teams with the same desire. Therefore, although the infrastructure of onshore facilities in Fushan Bay has yet to be completed, all parties should enter the "role" of hosting the Olympic Games as soon as possible and bring the preparatory work into the international Olympic management mode in advance. Now or never, time waits for no one. The closing day of Athens Olympic Games is the time of Qingdao Olympic Sailing Competition.
Learning from Athens: the high quality of volunteers
Concept update: sailing charm can't stop.
Interpretation of the Olympic spirit is that well-known saying: participation is the most important! This is the goal that the Olympic Games have been striving for for for more than 100 years, and it is also an important content to measure the success of previous Olympic Games.
The Olympic Games is not only a matter for a few athletes, but also requires the widest participation of the public. It is the humanistic ideal of the contemporary Olympic movement to realize the harmonious development of sports. Once any project loses the public and the blend of man and nature, its vitality and influence are hard to last. Although Qingdao has the best marine sports foundation in China, and the only marine sports school directly under the State Sports General Administration trains and teaches here all the year round, compared with the profound heritage of Athens, our capital is really not worth boasting about.
Despite the overall success of the Athens Olympic Games, there are still some shortcomings. The biggest failure recognized by public opinion is the lack of public participation, especially in some European short events such as volleyball, table tennis and badminton. The reason is simple, the Greeks are not interested in them. Therefore, it is not enough for Qingdao to hold the most successful Olympic Sailing Competition with first-class software and hardware facilities. It is urgent to improve the public's awareness and enthusiasm for the Olympic sailing competition.
Sharp tools can do a good job. In order to make citizens have a strong interest in sailing, we must first make the popularization of relevant knowledge enter the "fast lane". It is true that due to the high cost of sailing, it is impossible for Qingdao to cultivate a considerable number of enthusiasts in just four years. However, Qingdao people who are accompanied by the sea can at least accept the richer connotation of ocean sports conceptually: the way to embrace the sea is not just to "bathe in the sea", but to sail and ride the wind, join in the vastness and experience adventure-the charming gift of the sea, which we should not refuse.
Basic classification of sailing ships in the world
-Sailing boat is mainly composed of hull, mast, stabilizer or keel, rudder, sail and rigging. The hull is mainly made of wood or FRP. In terms of equipment, sports sailboats can be divided into five categories:
Keel ship)-Features-The bottom of the ship has fixed stabilizing plates and lead pressing, with large displacement, complex structure, high price and multi-person operation, which is suitable for long-distance races and offshore exploration.
Center board (center board)
A boat or small boat)-Features-The bottom of the boat has a retractable stabilizer. Small and flexible, low cost, simple operation and easy popularization. Most Olympic events are such boats.
Multi-hull)-Features-It is composed of two or three hulls with high speed. It is thrilling to operate.
Tower ship
-Features-Large-scale, antique design, multi-mast layout, gorgeous decoration, suitable for outreach activities, entertainment competitions and sailors' sea operation training.
Sailors sail on skateboards without rudder and only fins.
The principle of sailing boat
People usually think that sailing boats can only sail with the wind, that is, with the wind. But the jib enables the sailboat to sail against the wind. Before we know how to sail against the wind, we need to know something about sails first.
-The first windward sail edge of the sail is called the leading edge, which is located at the front of the ship. The trailing edge of the tail is called the trailing edge of the sail. The imaginary horizontal line from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the sail is called a chord.
. The curvature of the sail is called draught, and the vertical distance from the chord to the maximum draught point is called chord depth. The side of the sail that is filled with air and forms a concave curvature is called the windward side. The side that blows outward to form a convex shape is called the leeward side. After understanding these terms, we will continue to introduce sailing.
Sailing boat parts and terminology
With the help of the force generated on both sides of the sail, the ship moves in the windward direction. The positive force (thrust) on the windward side and the negative force (pull) on the leeward side combine to form a resultant force, and the two forces act in the same direction. Although you may disagree, nervousness is indeed the stronger of the two forces.
-In 1738, scientist Daniel? Bob tried to find that the air flow speed increases in direct proportion to the surrounding free air flow, which leads to the pressure drop and can make the air flow speed faster. This happens on the leeward side of the sail-the air flows faster, forming a low pressure area behind the sail.
Bernhard principle acting on umbrella
-Why is the air accelerating? Air, like water, is flowing. When the winds converge and are separated by the sail, some wind adheres to the convex surface (leeward surface) and pulls up the sail. In order to let the "unattached" air pass through the sail, the sail must be bent outward to adapt to the airflow unaffected by the sail. However, this kind of free airflow often keeps its straight flow and hinders navigation. The free airflow and the bent sail together form a narrow channel through which the initial airflow must pass. Because it can't compress itself, the air must accelerate to squeeze through the narrow passage. This is the reason why the airflow speed on the convex surface of the sail increases.
Once this happens, Bob's hard work theory will take effect. The air flow in the narrow channel is faster than the surrounding air, and the pressure in the area with faster air flow will drop. This has a chain reaction. As the new airflow approaches the sail edge that first meets the wind and separates, it flows more to the leeward side-the airflow is attracted to the low pressure area and rejected by the high pressure area. Now even larger air blocks must be squeezed into the raised sail surface and the narrow channel formed by faster free air flow, which makes the air pressure lower. This situation continues to develop until it reaches the maximum speed of the existing wind conditions and forms the maximum low pressure area on the leeward side. Please note that the airflow will only increase after reaching the deepest point (chord depth) of the surface. Before reaching this point, the air keeps gathering and accelerating. Beyond this point, the air separates and slows down until it is equal to the speed of the surrounding air again.
Flaky airflow around the sail (keeping the best angle between the sail and the wind)
At the same time, the opposite happened on the windward side of the sail. As more air flows through the leeward side, the air flowing through the expansion space between the convex surface of the sail and the free airflow on the windward side will decrease. Because these air streams are dispersed, their speed drops to a lower speed than the surrounding air, which leads to an increase in pressure.
The force generated by the sail in the airflow.
-Knowing these potential forces, how to use them to make the ship move in practice? We need to establish an ideal relationship between the sail and the wind so that the wind can not only accelerate the flow, but also flow along the convex surface of the sail. Part of this relationship between sail and wind is called angle of attack. Describe a sail that is flat with the wind. The air is evenly distributed on each side-the sail hangs down instead of filling in a curved shape, and the air does not accelerate to form a low pressure area on the leeward side, so the ship does not move. But if the sail is at right angles to the wind direction, the sail will be full of wind and generate aerodynamic force at once.
-The angle of attack must be very accurate. If the angle is too close to the wind, the front end of the sail will "follow the wind" or swing. If its angle is too wide, the airflow flowing along the sail surface will be separated and the surrounding air will gather again. This separation creates a "stop zone" of rotating air, which leads to a decrease in wind speed and an increase in pressure. Because of the curvature of the sail, the angle between the tail end of the sail and the wind direction is always greater than that between the tail end of the sail and the edge of the sail that first touches the wind, so the air at the tail end of the sail cannot flow along the curved surface and return to the direction of the surrounding free air. Ideally, separation should begin when the airflow reaches the trailing edge of the sail. However, as the angle of attack of the sail widens, the separation point gradually moves forward, and everything after that remains in the stall area.
Influence of angle of attack
As you may see, in addition to keeping the angle of attack at an appropriate angle so that air can pass smoothly, another important factor about the relationship between wind and sail is that the sail must have an appropriate curvature to ensure that air always adheres to the stern. If the curve is too small, the airflow will not bend, and there will be no squeezing effect to increase the speed. If the curve is too large, the airflow cannot be attached. Therefore, only when the curvature is not too large and the angle of attack is not too wide, separation will occur.
In this way, we now know how the sail pressure is formed theoretically and practically. But how do these pressures make the ship move forward? Let's have a deeper understanding of the mystery.
-At sea level, the air pressure per square meter is 10 ton. As can be seen from the above, when the airflow on the leeward side of the sail increases, the air pressure will decrease. Suppose it will drop by 20 kilograms per square meter. Similarly, the air pressure on the windward side will also increase-assuming an increase of 10 kg per square meter (remember that the pull-down pressure is stronger than the push pressure). Moreover, even if the leeward pressure is negative and the windward pressure is positive, they all act in the same direction. So now we have about 30 kilograms of pressure per square meter. Multiplied by the sail size of 10 square meter, we have a resultant force of *** 300 kg on the sail.
-Every point on the sail exerts different pressure. The strongest pressure is at the depth of the chord, that is, the deepest part of the sail. This is also the place where the air flow is the fastest and the pressure drop is the biggest. As the airflow moves backward and separates, the intensity decreases. The direction of these forces will also change. At every point of the sail, the force is perpendicular to the sail surface. The strongest force in front of the sail is also in the forefront direction. In the middle of the sail, the force changes to the side direction, or the tilt direction. Behind the sail, as the wind speed decreases, the strength gradually weakens, leading to a backward or backward direction.
-The pressure can be calculated everywhere on the sail to determine the relative strength of the front, rear and towing parts on each side. Because the forward force is still the strongest, the resultant force exerted on the sail is slightly forward, but mainly transverse. Increasing the function of sail to obtain greater forward driving force will also lead to a greater increase in lateral force. So, how does the ship move forward when the force exerted by the crosswind reaches the maximum? This involves the angle of attack between the sail and the wind and the resistance between the ship and the water. water
The force generated when a ship sails against the wind.
-The direction of resultant force is almost perpendicular to the sail string. When the sail string is parallel to the centerline of the ship, the main force is almost completely applied to the side. However, if the sail is slightly tilted so that the force generated by the sail is slightly forward, the ship itself will move forward immediately. Why is this happening? The center line (keel) of a ship acts on water in a way similar to that of a sail on the wind. The force generated by the keel is opposite to the force of the sail tilting-it keeps the ship completely in the direction of the force generated by the sail. And although the resultant force of sails always acts on the windward side, the correct angle of attack will make the ship move forward.
-The farther the angle of the sail is from the center line of the hull, the greater the force on the front side relative to the side. By combining the slight adjustment of the positive force and the negative force of water relative to the air, we can make the ship go against the wind, because the resistance of the current is the least now.
Rules of sailing competition in 2008 Olympic Games
-Both the Olympic Games and the World Small Sailing Championships take the form of straight races. The ship taking part in the same race set sail in quick march. Generally, a game lasts 1 1- 12 rounds, the first place gets 1 point, the second place gets 2 points, and so on. After removing the worst results from the first round to the second round, the final ranking is arranged according to the sum of the scores in each round, and the winner is the one with the least score. Each round usually lasts 40 minutes to 2 hours. During the competition, the competition Committee
According to the daily wind conditions, two or three races will be arranged. Most of the competition routes used are Olympic trapezoidal routes, including windward, crosswind and downwind voyages. There are also triangular routes and sausage-shaped routes. Considering the weather and safety, the competition Committee may reduce the number of rounds according to the wind.
-Sailing boats meet on the water and need to implement a set of navigation rules that are much more complicated than the traffic rules on land. In order to achieve good results, athletes should be familiar with a 13 1 page competition rule (RRS for short), 95 pages of rule case analysis and 20 pages of barrier rules. Learn two other rules before the game-NORD and SIs. How to use rules to suppress opponents and make their own profits is an important topic that athletes and coaches need to study with great concentration. Sailing competition rules mainly include navigation rules, competition implementation rules and protest trial rules. This rule is revised every four years after the Olympic Games. FIA also publishes rule explanations, including annual cases. All cases are revised and compiled according to the latest rules.
-The most commonly used navigation rules are that sailing boats with wind on the port side should avoid ships with wind on the starboard side; Ships in the upwind position should avoid ships in the downwind position; When encountering a buoy or obstacle, the ship approaching the object should avoid the ship approaching the object, and the outer ship should avoid the inner ship. The detailed rules for the implementation of the competition mainly stipulate the organization and management norms of the competition, such as navigation methods and signal notification methods. Protest trial rules are a set of judging methods to solve disputes or fouls caused by athletes meeting and colliding on the water.
Brief introduction of sailing organization
The full name of the FIA is the International Sailing Federation, or "ISAF" for short. FIA was founded in 1906, and its headquarters is in Britain. At present, ISAF is one of the largest individual sports federations in the world, with 122 member countries (or regions) and 76 sailing classes under its jurisdiction. ISAF has established the International Foundation for Sailing for the Disabled (IFDS) to engage in sailing for the disabled. At present, there are 9 levels of events entering the Olympic Games, 1 1 events.
Paul Henderson, the current chairman of ISAF, took office on 1994 and came to Qingdao twice. Mr. Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee, is a famous Belgian sailor. In 1960s, he won the Finnish World Champion and represented Belgium in the Olympic sailing competition.
China Sailing and Windsurfing Association, referred to as "China Sailing Association". The full name is China Sailing Association, abbreviated as "CYA". China Sailing Association is a national sports association recognized by the Chinese Olympic Committee and a national mass sports organization with independent legal personality. China Sailing Association is the leading organization of sailing and windsurfing in China and the only legal organization representing China in international sailing organizations.
Introduction of sailing competition level in 2008 Olympic Games
Brief introduction of sailing competition in 2008 Olympic Games;
Women's Single Boat-Europe (Europe)
-Stabilizer, length 3.35m, width1.44m, sail area 7. 1 m2, and ship weight 60kg. It was designed by French alois Rolanda in 1962. -The project first entered the Olympic Games in 1992. This ship is fast and easy to slide. The ship has a large load and sufficient buoyancy, so it is safe.
man
Single Boat-Finnish Class (Finland)
-Stabilizer, length 4.5m, width 1.5 1m, sail area 10 m2 and ship weight 145kg.
-Finns first entered the Olympic Games in 1952. It originated from a sailing design competition initiated by the Finnish National Sailing Association in 1949 to prepare for the upcoming Finnish Olympic Games. The designer is Swedish Richard Sabi. Players are required to gain weight.
Men's open class-laser class
-Stabilizer, 4.23 meters long, 65,438 0.42 meters wide, with a sail area of 7.06 square meters and a ship weight of 59 kilograms.
The ship was designed by Canadian Bruce Hobby and developed in the 1960s. The first olympiad was 1992. It has been carried out in 100 countries. Originally designed as a leisure boat, it was mostly used for weekends and holidays, and later quickly became the most competitive sports sailboat in the world.
Men's double boat; Women RS Double Boat-Class 470
-Stabilized plate, spherical sail, length 4.7m, width 1.68m, sail area 12.6m2 \ spherical sail 14m2, ship weight 1 15kg. -The first olympiad was 1976. The designer is Andrea Kono. 1986 Busan Olympic Games introduced the women's 470-level competition for the first time. Class 470 is widely used in the world, and the ship's maneuverability is very good.
Women's Keel Boat-Eagle Bell Class (Inglin)
-A three-person keel sailboat with a length of 6.35m, a width of 1.73m, a sail area of 14m2 and a ship weight of 200-230kg.
-The boat is suitable for women or teenagers. Designed by Norwegian Jane Green in 1967. Inglin means young people. It is a one-stop bone boat designed for my 14-year-old son. This level is more popular in northern Europe. The 2004 Athens Olympic Games was included in the competition.
Men's keel boat-star (star)
Double operation, keel-shaped, 6.92 meters long, 65438 0.73 meters wide, sail area of 26.9 square meters, and ship weight of 662 kilograms.
Star rating is the oldest Olympic event. Designed by American William Gardner in 19 1 1, it was included in the Olympic Games (Los Angeles) in 1932. This ship is characterized by small cabin, high sail and long mast. The sail area is large and it is difficult to adjust, which requires the team members to have superb technical experience and heavy weight.
Women's Windsurfing-Northwest Wind Scale
-Sail is designed by a single helmsman, with a length of 3.72m, a width of 0.62m, a sail area of 7.4m and a board weight of16.5kg.-This level was born in 1978. Atlanta Olympic Games was included in the Olympic Games for the first time. The designers are two windsurfers, Huo Yier Stweetzer and Jim Drake. This level has been pursuing the concept of unified design for many years.
Multi-body Open Level-Tornado Level
-The catamaran is the fastest straight-line Olympic sailing boat, with a length of 6 6. 10/0m, a width of 3.05m, a sail area of 21.8m2 and a ship weight of140kg. -The first olympiad was 1976. The designer is an Englishman Rodney Marsh. There are different requirements for driving catamarans and monohulls. It is difficult to sail in the waves because of the huge speed difference caused by the good or bad control when driving with the wind.
Double open level-level 49 (49er)
-The new generation high-speed sail operated by two people is 4.99 meters long, 1.7 meters wide, 2.99 meters wide with side braces, with a sail area of 59.2 square meters (including spherical sails) and a weight of 1.25 kg. I first entered the Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000. The 49-man class is a project developed on the basis of the Australian 18-foot class sailing boat. The maximum speed can reach 25 knots (46 kilometers per hour). The sail area of this ship is very large, so it is difficult to operate. There is a protruding side bracket on each side of the hull, so that passengers can get more ballast force.
In 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, there were 9 classes, 1 1 events. Among them, there are 4 men, 4 women and 3 "open-level" (mixed) events.
The limit of Olympic athletes is 400; 270 sailboats competed. Only one ship is allowed to participate in each project in each country.
The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is scheduled to open on August 8 and close on August 24. Sailing competitions usually start two or three days after the opening ceremony (Beijing) and last about 15 days. The venue is open to the participating teams about 15 days in advance. At present, the specific time schedule of sailing competition and pre-competition measurement registration is uncertain.
Qingdao is the only venue outside Beijing where awards can be presented. According to tradition, Qingdao can hold the lighting ceremony, opening ceremony and award ceremony of the Olympic flame alone.
Competition Level of Summer Olympic Games (Ship Type)
Men's windsurfing Neil Pryde ·RSX class
Women's windsurfing Neil Pryde ·RSX class
Men's Single Boat Finland Class
Women's Single Boat Laser Ray Level
Single-opening ship laser platform
Men RS Canoe Double 470
Women RS Canoe Double 470
Double-rowing 49-man class
Multi-body open-class tornado class
Star rating of men's keel boat
Women's keel boat eagle bell class
Brief introduction of sailing competition in 2008 Olympic Games;
Women's Single Boat-Laser Ray Class
Laser ray is a level of laser association, which is suitable for young or female athletes to carry out training and competition activities. Except that the mast is a little shorter and the sail is a little smaller, the other aspects are exactly the same as the laser standard level, which can be regarded as a level of transition to laser.
The main data are: the length is 4.23 meters, the width is 1.42 meters, the sail area is 5.76 square meters and the ship weighs 59 kilograms.
Men's Single Boat-Finland (Finland)
Stabilizer plate, length 4.5m, width 1.5 1m, sail area 10 m2 and ship weight 145kg.
Finns first entered the Olympic Games in 1952. It originated from a sailing design competition initiated by the Finnish National Sailing Association in 1949 to prepare for the upcoming Finnish Olympic Games. The designer is Swedish Richard Sabi. Players are required to gain weight.
Men's open class-laser class
The stabilizer is 4.23m long and 65438 0.42m wide, with a sail area of 7.06m2 and a ship weight of 59kg.
The ship was designed by Canadian Bruce Herbie and developed in the 1960s. The first olympiad was 1992. It has been carried out in 100 countries. Originally designed as a leisure boat, it was mostly used for weekends and holidays, and later quickly became the most competitive sports sailboat in the world.
Men's double boat; Women RS Double Boat-Class 470
Stabilized plate with spherical sail, length 4.7m, width 1.68m, sail area 12.6m2 \ spherical sail 14m2, ship weight 1 15kg.
The first olympiad was 1976. The designer is Andrea Kono. 1986 Busan Olympic Games introduced the women's 470-level competition for the first time. Class 470 is widely used in the world, and the ship's maneuverability is very good.
Women's Keel Boat-Eagle Bell Class (Inglin)
A three-person keel sailboat is 6.35m long, 0.73m wide/kloc-0, with a sail area of 14m2 and a ship weight of 200-230kg.
The boat is suitable for women or teenagers to carry out activities. Designed by Norwegian Jane Green in 1967. Inglin means young people. It is a one-stop bone boat designed for my 14-year-old son. This level is more popular in northern Europe. The 2004 Athens Olympic Games was included in the competition.
Men's keel boat-star (star)
Double operation, keel-shaped, 6.92 meters long, 65438 0.73 meters wide, sail area of 26.9 square meters, and ship weight of 662 kilograms.
Star rating is the oldest Olympic event. Designed by American William Gardner in 19 1 1, it was included in the Olympic Games (Los Angeles) in 1932. This ship is characterized by small cabin, high sail and long mast. The sail area is large and it is difficult to adjust, which requires the team members to have superb technical experience and heavy weight.
Men's windsurfing; Women's Windsurfing-Neil Pryde ·RSX
The main data are: length 2.79 meters, width 0.93 meters, weight 13 kg, sail area 8.5 and 10 square meter.
Multi-body Open Level-Tornado Level
The catamaran is the fastest straight-line Olympic sailing boat, with a length of 6 6. 10/0m, a width of 3.05m, a sail area of 21.8m2 and a ship weight of140kg.
The first olympiad was 1976. The designer is an Englishman Rodney Marsh. There are different requirements for driving catamarans and monohulls. It is difficult to sail in the waves because of the huge speed difference caused by the good or bad control when driving with the wind.
Double open level-level 49 (49er)
A new generation of high-speed sail boat operated by two people is 4.99 meters long, 1.7 meters wide, 2.99 meters wide with side braces, with a sail area of 59.2 square meters (including spherical sails) and a weight of 1.25 kg.
The first time I participated in the Olympic Games was in Sydney in 2000. The 49-man class is a project developed on the basis of the Australian 18-foot class sailing boat. The maximum speed can reach 25 knots (46 kilometers per hour). The sail area of this ship is very large, so it is difficult to operate. There is a protruding side bracket on each side of the hull, so that passengers can get more ballast force.
Finally, I would like to introduce two professional Olympic sailing websites to you, hoping to help you:
/fczs.asp