Qingyang is located between 35 14 ′ 28 ″ and 37 9 ′ 13 ″ north latitude, with an altitude of 1,1-1,6 meters. It belongs to the dominant area of apples in the loess plateau of northwest China, and has all 7 main ecological indicators and 6 auxiliary indicators for the production of high-quality apples. It is the best suitable area for high-quality red Fuji apples in China. Xifeng, Qingcheng, Ningxian, Heshui, Zhengning and Zhenyuan are included in the national key apple production counties.
Qingyang has a long history of cultivating apples. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were records of cultivating cotton apples. Since the reform and opening up, especially in recent years, the municipal party committee and the municipal government have attached great importance to the apple industry, taking it as the first of the "three leading industries" to enrich the people and strengthen the city, taking effective measures such as government guidance, policy support, demonstration and technical service, and vigorously implementing the national and provincial apple standard garden establishment project and the city, county and township three-level high-quality apple "Thousand Hundred Thousand Ten" science and technology demonstration park construction project, which has basically formed large-scale cultivation, standardized production, commercialization and treatment. At present, there are 1.18 million mu of apples in the city, with an output of about 4, tons and an output value of more than 1.4 billion yuan. 1.16 million mu has passed the national agricultural product geographical indication certification; Through the national green food raw material standardization production base certification, pollution-free agricultural products origin certification, organic conversion product certification 4 thousand mu. In 22 townships, the per capita apple area reached 1.5 mu, and in 21 townships, the apple income reached more than 5% of the per capita net income of farmers.
Qingyang apples sell well in large and medium-sized domestic cities such as Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu, Beijing and Hong Kong, as well as Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and India, because of their high fruit hardness, high fruit shape, bright color, thick waxy layer, moderate sweetness and sourness, and safe storage and transportation.
Qingyang is one of the apple eugenics areas in China. The apples produced are hard, clean, bright in color, moderately sweet and sour, and of good quality. According to the determination, the soluble solid content of Qingyang Red Fuji apple is 16.5%, the vitamin C content is 4.2mg/kg, and the total acid content is .21%, which are all higher than the national fresh apple GB151-89 standard. According to the analysis and testing center of Gansu Province, the sensory, nutritional and hygienic indexes all meet the standard requirements of Green Food Temperate Fruits (NY/T884-24). After storage for 5 months, the hardness is 7.5kg/cm2, which is higher than other areas.
geographical scope
Qingyang city is located in the east of Gansu province, between 16 21 ′ 16 ″-18 42 ′ 48 ″ east longitude and 35 14 ′ 28 ″-37 9 ′ 13 ″ north latitude. The east is connected with Yijun, Huangling, Fuxian and Zhidan counties in Shaanxi; In the north, Wuqi and Dingbian in Shaanxi Province are adjacent to Yanchi County in Ningxia. The west is bounded by Tongxin, Guyuan and Pengyang counties in Ningxia; The southern part borders Pingliang in our province and Changwu, Binxian and Xunyi in Shaanxi. It is 27 kilometers long from north to south and 28 kilometers wide from east to west, with a total area of 27,119 square kilometers. The city is high in the north and low in the south, high in the east and west and low in the middle, showing a dustpan shape, so it is called "Longdong Basin". The city has jurisdiction over Qingcheng, Heshui, Zhengning, Zhenyuan, Ningxian, Huachi, Huanxian and Xifeng District, with 116 townships.
The apple producing areas in Qingyang are mainly concentrated in 96 towns in south-central China. Including 7 townships in Xifeng District, 15 townships in Qingcheng County, 7 townships in Huanxian County, 8 townships in Huachi County, 12 townships in Heshui County, 1 townships in Zhengning County, 18 townships in Ningxian County and 19 townships in Zhenyuan County.
Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors
(1) Soil landform: Qingyang apple producing area, most of which are plateau and gully. The soil is black loessial soil and loessial soil. The soil layer is deep, with loess covering 8-23m. It is loose in texture, breathable and capable of storing water and keeping fertilizer. It is rich in various trace elements such as potassium, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The organic matter content is above 1%, the soil oxygen concentration is 1-15%, the pH value is 7.-8.4, and the total salt content is below .28%.
(2) Hydrological situation: Qingyang apple-producing area is a gully region on the Loess Plateau in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. There are five rivers in the city, namely Malian River, Puhe River, Honghe River, Silang River and Hulu River, and there are 27 larger tributaries. The average annual total flow is 26.7 cubic meters per second, and the total runoff is 843 million cubic meters. The net groundwater reserves in the city are about 4.339 billion cubic meters, and the dynamic reserves are 37.14 million cubic meters. The annual precipitation in the city is 55-68 mm (the requirement of the most suitable production area in China is 49-66 mm), with moderate rainfall and pure and pollution-free water sources. This rainfall makes the air humidity relatively low, which is not conducive to the occurrence and reproduction of various diseases and insect pests. There are few kinds of fruit tree diseases and insect pests, and the concentration of pesticides in orchards is low and the times are few. Moreover, there is no industrial pollution in this area for the time being, and the apple production environment and regional characteristics are protected.
(3) Climate: During the apple growing season (April-October), the elevation of Qingyang apple producing area is between 88-14 meters, the light intensity is 35-5 meter candle, and the annual sunshine hours are 22-25 hours, including more than 3 hours in August-September; The average temperature is 13℃-18℃, the accumulated temperature greater than 1℃ is 15℃-3℃, the average temperature in June-August in summer is 19℃-23℃, and the days of absolute high temperature ≥35℃ shall not exceed 5 days. The temperature of flowering period is 15℃-23℃, the temperature of flower bud differentiation period is 2℃-25℃, and the temperature of fruit development period is about 25℃. Moreover, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the daily temperature difference is 11.6℃-16.8℃. During the day, fruit trees accumulate more nutrients and consume less at night, and the contents of sugar, acid and vitamins in fruits increase, with strong flavor and crisp meat. This climatic feature is very suitable for apple production, which belongs to the most suitable area for apple production in China in the 1981 National Apple Division Research Report of Fruit Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
(4) Human and historical situation: Qingyang has a long history of apple cultivation and evolution. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was recorded that cotton apples were cultivated. Especially in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the cultivation of apples in Qingyang began to enter its heyday, and by the Tang and Song Dynasties, sand fruits, honey fruits, red apples and white apples had been widely planted in folk courtyards. There are many records in some historical documents and local chronicles in Qingyang. The book Qunfangpu, dating back to 16, contains the historical facts of planting Amomum villosum in Huanxian County of our city. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, Zhao Benzhi compiled the Records of Qingyang Prefecture, which contained more than 2 kinds of cultivated and wild fruits, namely, "pear, peach, apricot, plum, jujube, linden, fructus crataegi, bonus, cherry, hazelnut, tangqiu, grape, papaya, pomegranate, mountain peach, etc. ; In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (196), there were more than 5,4 trees such as peaches, apricots, plums, pears, dates, walnuts and mulberry trees in Ningxian county. In that year, 2,237 new trees were planted. During the period of the Republic of China, the situation was turbulent, the farming was unstable, and the fruit tree production was on the verge of depression. Today, there are still many types of "soaked fruits" scattered in fields in Ningxian and Qingcheng. The "apple" commercially cultivated in Qingyang mainly refers to the big apple (that is, the western apple). The western apple cultivation began in 1942. Catholic missionaries introduced five varieties, such as red twisted, Guoguang and green banana, into two churches in Sanlipu and Xifeng Town of Qingyang County to start ornamental cultivation. As a real commercial cultivation, the original Northwest Institute of Agricultural Sciences should establish an apple variety demonstration park at the Water Conservation Station of Xifeng Yellow Committee in 1953. After entering the new century, Qingyang identified the development of apples as one of the characteristic advantageous industries. In 22, the Ministry of Agriculture brought Qingyang apples into China's advantageous industrial belt, and Qingcheng County was first identified as the only pollution-free apple demonstration county in the province. Since then, in 26, the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry named Zhengning County, the easternmost apple production county in our province, as the pollution-free fruit production demonstration base county.