Mu Leng Sun-cured Tobacco is a geographical indication certification trademark. Muleng sun-cured tobacco is an agricultural product with geographical indications.

The Mulengyan area has a mild climate, sufficient sunshine and abundant rainfall. In the months of May to September when tobacco is growing, the effective active accumulated temperature greater than or equal to 10°C has been 2300-2500°C over the years, and the frost-free period has been 120-135 days. The average temperature in July during the vigorous growth period of tobacco has been 21.2°C, with a maximum of 32°C. From late August to early September when tobacco leaves are mature and harvested, the temperature difference between day and night is large, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter in tobacco leaves and their harvesting and curing. The average field sunshine hours from May to September are 1256-1355 hours, with an average of more than 8 hours each, which can fully meet the light requirements for the growth of high-quality tobacco. The average annual rainfall is 400-700 mm, and more than 60% of the rainfall is concentrated in the three months of June, July and August during the tobacco growing season. The natural conditions of Muling can fully meet the needs of the growth and development of sun-cured tobacco.

Regional Scope

Muling City is located in the southeast of Heilongjiang Province, with geographical coordinates of 129°45′09″-130°08′30″ east longitude and 44°15′00″- north latitude. 45°07′16″. It is connected to Dongning County in the southeast, Mudanjiang City and Ning'an to the southwest, Linkou County to the west, Jixi City to the north, and Jidong County to the northeast. There is an approximately 44-kilometer long national border with Russia in the northeast. The city governs 6 towns, 3 townships, and 141 administrative villages. The administrative area covers an area of ??6,673 square kilometers, with a total population of 320,000. The city’s cultivated land area is 130,751.6 hectares, and the per capita cultivated land area is 0.41 hectares. The total protected area 84,250 hectares.

Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors

(1) Soil and landform conditions: The land in Muling City is divided into 7 soil types, mainly dark brown loam, accounting for The land area is 81.92%, and six soil types: white mud soil, meadow soil, swamp soil, peat soil, new soil and paddy soil account for 18.08%. There are 21,000 hectares with soil thickness between 20 and 40 centimeters, 75,000 hectares with soil thickness exceeding 40 centimeters, and 85,000 hectares with organic matter content between 4% and 6%. Except for paddy soil and swamp soil, which are suitable for tobacco cultivation due to high groundwater levels, cold slurry, and hardening, more than 76% of the cultivated land can be used for tobacco cultivation. Due to the high potassium content of granite feldspar and hydromica clay minerals in these lands, available potassium accounts for 86.76% of the land area at 150-220 ppm, and the chloride ion content is only about 0.005%. Therefore, the tobacco leaves have good combustion properties and a long smoldering time.

(2) Hydrological situation: The total length of rivers in the city is more than 6,000 kilometers. Through the joint efforts of the people of the city, a large number of irrigation, flood control, and waterlogging control projects have been built, basically forming a water diversion, storage Water and water lifting engineering system. There are currently 6 large and small reservoirs, 42 dams, 52 reservoirs, 265 electromechanical wells, 457 large wells, and 54 kilometers of flood control embankments. The current water supply capacity of water conservancy projects has reached 145 million cubic meters. The water source is sufficient, the water quality is good, and there is no industrial drainage pollution, which is conducive to the growth and development of sun-cured tobacco.

(3) Climate conditions: The temperature conditions in Muling City are conducive to the growth of tobacco. The accumulated temperature from May to September has been between 2100-2800 degrees Celsius over the years. The new agronomic technology of using agricultural film to raise seedlings can start raising seedlings in early March to increase the effective accumulated temperature. The city's annual average temperature in July is 21.2 degrees Celsius, with the highest temperature being 36 degrees Celsius, which is beneficial to tobacco growth. The temperature difference between day and night in late August and early September is about 20 degrees Celsius, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter, and the tobacco grows quickly and sufficiently. , can produce high-yield and high-quality cigarettes. The climate in Muling City belongs to the warm and semi-humid type, with less hot weather and low transpiration of tobacco leaves. During the tobacco growth period, rainfall of about 350 mm is generally sufficient, and the average rainfall in this city from May to September is 400-450 mm, which can meet the needs of tobacco growth; Muling City has long and not strong sunlight, so 5 -The average field sunshine hours in September are 1256-1355 hours, with an average of more than 8 hours a day, which is conducive to the production of high-quality cigarettes; Muling City has a cold temperate continental monsoon climate, with westerly and southwesterly winds throughout the year, and the annual average wind speed is 2.8 meters/second, the wind speed is the highest from March to May, reaching level 8-10, which is very detrimental to crop growth. However, the tobacco seedlings were in the agricultural film-covering stage at that time and had no major impact. From June to September, when tobacco seedlings enter the field growth period, the wind is generally light, which is beneficial to the ventilation and light transmission required for tobacco growth.

Except for cold areas in deep mountains, the frost-free period is generally about 110-135 days, which can satisfy the maturity of tobacco leaves.

(4) Cultural and historical situation: Muleng tobacco leaves are famous in China for their pure color, rich aroma and moderate smoke strength. During the decline stage, it dropped to 6,651 acres; during the boom stage, the average annual planting area was as high as 38,317 acres. The commercial benefits of sun-cured tobacco account for the dominant position among cash crops in the county. In 1985, in addition to ranking first in the province in terms of output, it sold well both at home and abroad. In September 1983, it was listed as a famous sun-cured tobacco by the country and became the sun-cured tobacco commodity base of Heilongjiang Province. Cultivation began as early as the late Qing Dynasty, and it developed from self-sufficient production to commercial production. It has gone through three stages: development, decline and boom. In the development stage, 2,160 acres are planted every year, and it has grown to 10,688 acres. In addition to the tobacco farmers selling in the market, the state purchases 1.35 million kilograms. In October of that year, 6.5 million kilograms of tobacco leaves were traded with 19 manufacturers across the country. Tobacco tax revenue is 1.22 million yuan. The development stage was before 1966. In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, most of them were planted for their own use, and there was little market trade. The average annual planting area was 2,160 acres. In the 7th year of the Republic of China (1916), only 510 acres were planted. In the highest year, the area grew to 3,000 acres in the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922). The Puppet Manchukuo period developed faster than the Republic of China period, with an average annual planting of 3,984 acres, an increase of 84.4% compared to the Republic of China period. However, it is still mainly for personal use.

Purchase from market trade and agricultural cooperatives accounted for 38.5% of the total harvest. The recovery period after liberation increased slightly compared with the Manchukuo period. During the first five-year plan period, that is, the "First Five-Year Plan" period, the planting area increased by 22.6% compared with the Puppet Manchukuo period. During the "Second Five-Year Plan" period, the area increased by 76.7% compared with the "First Five-Year Plan" period. In 1960, during a period of severe economic difficulties, the price of cigarettes in the free market soared, reaching as high as 30-50 yuan per pound of sun-cured cigarettes. Despite the high prices, Xingcheng and Suizhong counties in Liaoning Province were still recruited to purchase. From then on, sales began from local production to other provinces. The average annual external sales volume is 50,000-100,000 kilograms. Due to the wide market, in 1965, the second production team of Dazhaishan Brigade of Xiachengzi Commune began to grow cigarettes. Subsequently, the Xinjian Brigade, Lishu Brigade, Xuanyang Brigade, Xinmin Brigade, and Hongxing Brigade of Xiachengzi Commune, and the Shandong Brigade of Maqiaohe Commune successively planted sun-cured tobacco, and since then collective tobacco cultivation has been pioneered. The planting area during the "adjustment" period was as high as 10,688 acres. The period from 1966 to 1975 was the declining stage. In "0", tobacco cultivation was criticized as a "capitalist spontaneous force", and the area of ??tobacco cultivation dropped suddenly. During the "Third Five-Year Plan" period, only 5,224 acres were planted annually. Down twice as much as during the “adjustment” period. On April 5, 1973, the Production Headquarters of the Heilongjiang Provincial Revolutionary Committee held a province-wide sun-cured tobacco production meeting. The status of tobacco production was improved and 23 high-yield production teams including Dazhaishan were commended. In 1974, 4 tons of sun-cured tobacco samples were provided to Dalian Native and Livestock Products Import and Export Company of Liaoning Province. In 1975, 316 tons of sun-cured tobacco were exported. Tobacco production has since recovered. However, due to the influence of leftist errors, the planting area fluctuated. During the "Fourth Five-Year Plan" period, the average annual planting area was 6,651 acres, an increase of 27.3% compared with the "Third Five-Year Plan" period. After 1976, it was a boom stage. On August 30 of that year, the Heilongjiang Provincial Foreign Trade Bureau held a working meeting on sun-cured tobacco export in Muling County. It exported 320 tons of sun-cured tobacco that year; in 1977, it received 44 orders from sun-cured tobacco units from inside and outside the province; in 1978, Muling County Cigar The cigarette factory was put into operation. During the "Fifth Five-Year Plan" period, the average annual sun-cured tobacco planting area was 19,014 acres. An increase of 1.85 times compared with the "Fourth Five-Year Plan" period. During the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" period, the average annual planting area was as high as 38,317 acres, double that of the "Fifth Five-Year Plan" period. In 2008, a supply and marketing contract was signed with Hongta Group, with Muling City serving as the sun-cured tobacco production base of Hongta Group.