the origin of
Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. is a common number in the world. This number was not created by Arabs, but it can't erase the credit of Arabs.
Arabic numerals were originally created by Indians and gradually created by their ancestors in production practice.
In 3 BC, the number of residents in the Indus Valley had been relatively advanced, and the decimal system was adopted. By the Vedic era (14-543 BC), Aryans had realized the role of numbers in production activities and daily life, and created some simple and incomplete numbers. In the 3rd century BC, a complete set of numbers appeared in India, but the writing styles were different in different places, among which Brahman style was typical. Its uniqueness was that each number from 1 to 9 had a special symbol, from which modern numbers were born. At that time, "" had not yet appeared. It was not until the Gupta era (3-5 years) that there was a "" called "shunya", which was expressed as a black dot "●" and later evolved into "". In this way, a complete set of figures is produced. This is the great contribution of the ancient Indian people to world culture.
Indian numbers first spread to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia and other countries. In the 7th and 8th centuries, with the rise of the Arab Empire spanning Asia, Africa and Europe, Arabs eagerly absorbed the advanced cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, India and other countries and translated a large number of their scientific works. In 771, Indian astronomer and traveler Maoka visited Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Empire's Abbasid Dynasty (75-1258), and presented an Indian astronomical work, Sidhan Tower, to the then caliph Mansour (757-775), who translated it into Arabic and named it Sindh. There are a lot of numbers in this book, so it is called "Indian Numbers", which means "from India".
Arab mathematicians Hua Lazimi (about 78-85) and Haibosh first accepted Indian numerals and used them in astronomical tables. They gave up their 28 letters, revised and perfected them in practice, and introduced them to the west without reservation. At the beginning of the 9th century, Hua Lazimi published "India Counting Algorithm", expounding Indian numbers and their application methods.
Indian numerals have replaced the long and clumsy Roman numerals and spread in Europe, which has been opposed by some Christians, but it has been proved to be better than Roman numerals in practice. In 122, the Book of Calculations published by Rionardo, Italy, marked the beginning of the use of Indian numerals in Europe. Chapter 15 of the book says: "The nine numbers in India are' 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1', and any number can be represented by these nine numbers and the symbol' ' called sifr (zero) by Arabs."
as we all know, the basis of mathematical calculation is Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, . Without these figures, we can't calculate. In fact, these Arabic numerals were not invented by Arabs, but originated in ancient India, and were later mastered, improved and spread to the west by Arabs, who called them Arabic numerals. Since then, all over the world have agreed with this statement.
Arabic numerals were gradually created by ancient Indians in their production and practice.
In ancient India, it was necessary to design and plan for urban construction, and to calculate the movement of the sun, the moon and the stars for sacrifice, so mathematical calculation came into being. Around 3 BC, the number of residents in the Indus Valley was relatively advanced, and the decimal calculation method was adopted.
By the third century BC, a complete set of numbers appeared in India, but the writing in different regions was not completely consistent, among which Brahmanism was the most representative: this set of numbers was commonly used at that time. Its characteristic is that every number from "1" to "9" has a special word. Modern numbers evolved from this group of numbers. In this set of numbers, the symbol "" (zero) has not appeared yet. The number "" did not appear until the Gupta Dynasty (AD 32-55). The symbol "" has been used in the mathematical work "The Manual of the Sun" completed in the 4th century A.D., and it was only a solid dot at that time. Later, the dot evolved into a small circle "". In this way, a set of numbers from "1" to "" tends to be perfect. This is the great contribution of the ancient Indian people to world culture.
Indian figures first spread to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia and other neighboring countries of India.
In the 7th and 8th centuries, the Arab Empire rose across Asia, Africa and Europe. While the Arab Empire was expanding around, Arabs also widely absorbed the advanced cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, India and other countries and translated a large number of scientific works from these countries. In 771 AD, an Indian traveler, Maoka, traveled a long way to Baghdad, the capital of Abbasid Dynasty of Arab Empire. Maoka dedicated an Indian astronomical work "Sidhan Tower" that he carried with him to the then caliph (king) Mansour. Mansour cherished the book and ordered the translator to translate it into Arabic. The translation is called Sindh Sindh. A large number of Indian figures are used in this book. As a result, Indian numbers were absorbed and adopted by Arabs.
Since then, Arabs have gradually given up their original 28 letters as calculation symbols, and widely adopted Indian numerals, and in practice, they have also revised and improved Indian numerals to make them easier to write.
After the Arabs mastered Indian numbers, they quickly introduced them to Europeans. Medieval Europeans used long Roman numerals when counting, which was very inconvenient. Therefore, as soon as the simple and clear Indian figures spread to Europe, they were welcomed by Europeans. However, at the beginning, Indian numerals replaced Roman numerals, but it was strongly opposed by the Christian church because it came from "pagan" knowledge. But practice has proved that Indian figures are far superior to Roman figures.
In p>122, Italy published an important math book, The Book of Calculations, which widely used Indian numbers improved by Arabs, which marked the beginning of the use of new numbers in Europe. This book is divided into fifteen chapters. At the beginning of the first chapter, it is written: "The nine numerals in India are' 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1'. Any number can be represented by these nine numerals and the symbol' ' called' zero' by Arabs."
With the passage of time, in the 14th century, China printing spread to Europe, which accelerated the popularization and application of Indian numerals in Europe. Indian numbers are gradually adopted by all Europeans.
Westerners accepted the Indian numerals transmitted from Arabia, but they ignored the ancient Indians at that time and only regarded them as the achievements of Arabs, so they called them Arabic numerals, which has been passed down to this day.
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---------------. The origin and historical introduction of Arabic numerals
1. The origin of Arabic numerals
After the Persian Empire conquered India, it was introduced into Arabia. With the rise of the Great Food Empire, the digital system spread from Arabia to Spain. Europeans thought it was invented by Arabs, so it was called "Arabic numerals". However, it is now renamed "Indian Arabic numerals". But most people are still used to calling it Arabic numerals.
II. Brief introduction to history
Arabic numerals were invented by Indians, whose mathematical level is the highest in the world. The Persian Empire conquered India, and the Arabic numerals we use now were invented by Indians in the third century BC.
around 825 BC, a Persian mathematician wrote a mathematical book, and the number system used in the book adopted this number system. It was not until 112 that the book was translated into Latin, which made Arabic numerals popular all over Europe and played a role in replacing Roman numerals. However, it was not until the fifteenth century that the writing of Arabic numerals was determined, which is the same as the writing we see today.
The Arabic numerals we see today are symbols from to 9, consisting of ten symbols. Because the arrangement is neat, it is convenient for a large number of complicated operations. And because of the great increase of European national strength after the industrial revolution, Arabic numerals are widely used all over the world and become a global digital system. In the early days, other number systems had a symbol representing 1, but there was no . Arabic numerals are ~ 9, and adding can clearly indicate the difference of different digits, such as 25 and 25. This makes it easier for people to carry out multiplication and division operations, and it is easy to check and make mistakes. It is also because of this digital system notation that mathematics has developed rapidly and laid the scientific foundation today.
Testimony: Although Arabic numerals seem simple,
they are an invention that we must use in mathematics, and they are used all over the world.
They are indispensable to our lives.
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Around 5 A.D., with the rise and development of economy, culture and Buddhism, mathematics in Punjab in the northwest of Indian subcontinent has been in a leading position. Astronomer Ayepihite made a new breakthrough in simplifying numbers: he recorded the numbers in grids. If there is a symbol in the first grid, such as a dot representing 1, then the same dot in the second grid represents 1, and the dot in the third grid represents 1. In this way, not only the digital symbols themselves, but also the order of their positions is also of great significance. Later, Indian scholars introduced the symbol of zero. It can be said that these symbols and representations are the old ancestors of Arabic numerals today.
two hundred years later, Arabs United under Islam conquered the surrounding nationalities and established the Sarasun Empire, which started from India in the east and went from Africa to Spain in the west. Later, this great Islamic empire split into two countries, East and West. Because all the kings of these two countries have rewarded culture and art, the capitals of both countries are very prosperous, among which Baghdad, the eastern capital, Greek culture from the west and Indian culture from the east have all gathered here. Arabs understand and digest the two cultures, thus creating a unique Arab culture.
About 7 years ago, Arabs visited Punjab, and they were surprised to find that the mathematics in the conquered area was more advanced than theirs. In what way can these advanced mathematics be moved to Arabia?
In p>771, mathematicians in northern India were captured in Baghdad, Arabia, and forced to teach local people new mathematical symbols and systems, as well as Indian-style calculation methods (that is, the calculation methods we use now). Because Indian numerals and Indian counting method are simple and convenient, their advantages far exceed other calculation methods, Arab scholars are willing to learn these advanced knowledge, and businessmen are also willing to use this method to do business.
Later, Arabs introduced this figure to Spain. In the 1th century, it was spread to other European countries by Pope Gelber Auriac. Around 12 AD, European scholars formally adopted these symbols and systems. By the 13th century, at the initiative of the mathematician Fibonacci in Pisa, Italy, ordinary Europeans began to adopt Arabic numerals, which was quite common in the 15th century. At that time, the shapes of Arabic numerals were not exactly the same as those of modern Arabic numerals, but only relatively close. Many mathematicians have spent a lot of effort to make them become the writing methods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and today.
Arabic numerals originated in India, but they spread to all directions through Arabs, which is why they were later called Arabic numerals.
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-------------. Language: Arabic numerals
phonetic notation: ā lā bó shù zì
Interpretation: internationally used numerals are , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
The ancient Indians invented ten numerical symbols including "zero" and also invented the decimal method of locating and counting. Because of location counting, the same digital symbol can represent different values because of its different position. If a bit has no number, write "" on it. The application of "" makes the decimal method perfect and of great significance. Ten numerical symbols were later spread to Europe by Arabs, and were mistakenly called Arabic numerals by Europeans. Because of the decimal method of counting and the simple strokes of Arabic numerals, it is convenient to write and look clear, especially when it is used for written calculation, and the calculation is very convenient. Therefore, with the development of history, Arabic numerals have gradually become popular in various countries and become universal numbers in the world.
Supplement
The oldest number of counters is probably up to 3. In order to imagine the number "4", you must add up 2 and 2. 5 is 2 plus 2 plus 1, and 3 is 2 plus 1. It is probably late that the number 5 is represented by handwritten five fingers and the number 1 is represented by two-handed taxi fingers. This principle is actually the basis of our calculation. Rome's count is only up to V (that is, 5), and numbers within X (that is, 1) are combined by V(5) and other numbers. X is a combination of two V's, and the same digital symbol has different quantities according to its positional relationship with other digital symbols. In this way, the concept of digital position began, and this important contribution in mathematics should be attributed to the ancient residents of the two river basins. Later, the ancient people improved on this basis and invented 123456789 symbols to express numbers, which became the basis for our counting today. In the eighth century, the oldest engraving record with zero symbol appeared in India. At that time, zero was called the first one.
Open classification:
Mathematics, Arabic numerals
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Successful guide, f355, xxhcn.