In early 2004, FIFA confirmed that football originated in China, and "Cuju" was the earliest football activity recorded in historical materials. "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records" are the earliest documents and classics recording Cuju. The former describes the popular Cuju activity in Linzi, the capital of Qi State, during the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,300 years ago. The latter records that Cuju was used to train soldiers and examine the physical fitness of soldiers at that time. Method ("Kicking up is the strength of the army, so training as a warrior means you know you have talent").
Chinese name: Origin of football
Foreign name: Origin of football
Confirmation unit: FIFA
Confirmation result: China Is the origin of football
The process of confirming the origin of football
Football is the most magical sport in the world today and is recognized as the largest sport in the world. According to complete statistics, there are now about 800,000 teams that regularly participate in competitions in the world, and about 40 million registered athletes, including about 100,000 professional athletes. There are 800 million avid football fans around the world, and 20 million people watched during the World Cup. 100 million people are engaged in the football industry worldwide, and its influence is felt all over the world.
Football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. Modern football originated in the UK, moved from the UK to Europe, and from Europe to the world - modern football has become the most popular sport in the world and the number one sport in the world! Football originated from a ball game in ancient my country The game "Cuju" was later spread to Europe through the Arabs and developed into modern football. Therefore, the hometown of football is China.
In July 1958, when Dr. Havelange, the former president of FIFA, came to China, he said: Football originated in China.
In 1985, at the opening ceremony of the first "Kodak Cup" World Youth Football Championship held in China, the then FIFA President Mr. Havelange said in his speech that football originated here, and With a history of more than 2,000 years, this is indisputable. Blatter, who was the director of FIFA's technical committee at the time, said that football originated in China and later spread to the West through war.
In the "Report on the History of International Football Development" delivered by FIFA President Blatter at the coaches training class organized by the Asian Football Confederation in 2001, he once again emphasized: "Football originated in China."
On March 16, 2002, football king Pele visited China. Entrusted by the China Tourism Administration, Professor Liu Bingguo, a sports historian at Xuzhou Normal University, arranged a Han Dynasty Cuju performance for Mr. Bailey at the foot of the Great Wall, which aroused Mr. Bailey's great interest. On the spot, he and the former head coach of the Chinese football team Mr. Milutinovich joined the "show" together.
On February 4, 2004, FIFA Deputy Secretary-General Jér?me Ciampagne officially announced at a press conference in London: "Although many countries consider themselves to be the birthplace of football, But historians have shown with definite evidence that football originated from Cuju in China." On May 8, 2004, FIFA President Blatter went to Kuala Lumpur to attend the 50th anniversary celebration of the establishment of the AFC. He met with the Chinese delegation. At that time, he made it clear that after expert research, football originated in China, and awarded the Chinese Football Association a symbolic trophy "Football originated in China". He also hopes that the 2004 China Asian Cup football match should be used as an opportunity to grandly promote this concept.
On May 8, 2004, FIFA President Sepp Blatter made it clear that football originated from ancient Chinese Cuju. On July 15, 2004, Mr. Veerappan, Secretary General of the AFC, on behalf of FIFA and the AFC, officially announced the origin of football in China at the press conference held after the opening ceremony of the 3rd China International Football Expo in Beijing. It is the birthplace of football.
On July 15, 2004, at the opening ceremony of the 3rd China International Football Expo in Beijing, FIFA President Mr. Blatter visited the Linzi exhibition area and signed the Linzi antique Cuju as a souvenir.
On May 20, 2005, at the closing ceremony of the FIFA Centenary Celebration held in Zurich, Switzerland, FIFA President Mr. Blatter issued the "Football Origin Certificate" to Linzi, the birthplace of football. FIFA Secretary General Us Linz wrote an inscription: Because my name is Linz, I am even more proud that football originated in Linzi. I thank China for creating football for the world!
Cuju---the origin of football
2.1 The origin of Cuju
Liu Xiang's "Bie Lu" in the 1st century AD: "Cuju was created by the Yellow Emperor. This military force may have originated in the Warring States Period, and the ancients thought it was a joke."
According to "Warring States Policy·Qi Ce": Su Qin became the Prime Minister of Zhao, worked for Zhao Hezong, and united Qi to resist Qin. He sent an envoy to Qi State and said to King Qi Xuan: "...Linzi is very rich and substantial. All the people played the yu, the harp, the drums, the zither, the harp, the cockfighting, the running dogs, the Liubo, and the Taju;..." It can be seen from this that during the reign of King Xuan of Qi (319 BC - 301 BC), it was 2,300 years ago, Cuju was widely practiced in Linzi, Qi State.
According to the "Historical Records: Biography of Su Qin", there are 70,000 households in Linzi City, and the people are prosperous and prosperous. The people are all known for "playing the yu, drums and harp, playing the harp and building, fighting cocks and running dogs, and Liubo and Ruju." "for pleasure." "Historical Records·Jijie" quotes Liu Xiang's "Bie Lu" as saying: "Taeju is also a military force, so when practicing warriors, they know they have talents, and they are all taught and practiced because of play."
Cuju movement The prosperity of Qi State is closely related to Qi State's prosperous economy, rich ideological culture, advanced science and technology, and martial social customs. Most of the kings of Qi State in the past dynasties liked hunting and martial arts; Qi State was the country that produced the most politicians, thinkers, economists, strategists, and military theorists among the countries in the pre-Qin era. The military science of Qi State is the most developed, and it is said that "Qi State's military science is the best in the world". During the periods of Duke Huan and Guan Zhong of Qi, they were powerful states that dominated the princes based on military conquest. By the Warring States Period, the Qi army was famous throughout the world for its strong soldiers and horses, bravery and prowess in battle.
2.2 The evolution of the shape of Cuju
1. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, four pieces of Cuju were solid.
2． Six-piece Cuju in the Han Dynasty
The kick of Cuju in the Han Dynasty was called "Maowan". Under Chapter 25 of "Cuju" in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", Yan Shigu of the Tang Dynasty also gave this explanation: "Juju is made of Wei, which is actually an object, and kicking it is a play. ..."
3. In the Tang Dynasty, Cuju had eight or twelve hollow pieces. Made with inseam method.
According to the records of "Cuju Pu" and "Cuju Tupu": the Ju in the Tang Dynasty is no longer the Ju in the Han Dynasty that "were made of Wei and made of things", but had a ball cover and a ball bladder. balloons.
"The word "Ju" means "毬", and today "Cuju" is called "毬 opera". In ancient times, it was made of tangled hair, but today it is made of skin. With the cells as the inner body, you can perform the game by shutting up the Qi."
"Eight pieces of sharp skin are built into a ball, and it is cooked in the fire and kneaded in water. A bag of leisurely energy is still there, and the punches and kicks are not over."
The ball shell has developed from eight pieces of sharp skin to "fragrant leather" Made of twelve" pieces. The raw material is "cooked nitrate yellow leather, lightly cut from solid materials". The craftsmanship is "densely built and sewn together, with no corners exposed." The weight of the finished ball should be "fourteen taels in weight." Football specifications should be "pieced together and perfectly round."
2.3 How Cuju is played
2.3.1 Direct confrontation between two goals
The stadium in the Han Dynasty was called Jucheng, and the "Jucheng Inscription" was engraved on the cornerstone of the stadium. The inscription has only twelve lines in one sentence:
Ju Chengming
Member Ju Fangqiang, placed like yin and yang.
Building long and leveling, its columns are regular.
Be calm and don’t blame others.
The law and the moon are equal, and two and six are equivalent.
If there is no closeness or distance, there will be no selfishness.
Ju Zheng is still indifferent, but he is still in charge.
The Cuju court in the Han Dynasty was called "Ju City", surrounded by low walls, and the goals were called "Ju Shi". It was like a small house, with six goals on each side and twelve players playing. There are referees and deputy referees to enforce the law, and the physical contact between the players of both sides is like fighting. It is a major military training item.
The late sports historian Mr. Tang Hao drew a "Schematic diagram of the Cuju competition in the palace garden of the Han Dynasty" based on the historical materials of Cuju in the Han Dynasty. It shows that the Ju city in the Han Dynasty was surrounded by walls, with a reviewing stand in the middle, and six on one side. There are two goals. There is one person in front of each goal to defend, and one team on the field has six people to attack. This picture can show the basic situation of the two-goal confrontation method in the Han Dynasty. But there are also shortcomings, such as the reviewing stand is not "left city and right level", the Ju city is not square, the Ju room is not "like a bird's wing", there is a lack of referees on the field, etc., but it can still be used as a reference for understanding competition Cuju in the Han Dynasty.
2.3.2 Indirect competition with a single goal
In the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was an indirect competition with a goal in the middle. The goal was set in the center of the field, with two tall bamboo poles tied together. The net, with a hole about one foot in diameter on the top, and the ornately decorated goal, is called the Fengliu Eye. Both sides are on one side and "the one with the most wins" shoots.
There is no direct physical confrontation between the players on both sides. Seven players from each side take the field, with two referees, positive and negative, and the remaining players are arranged on both sides. The rules of the game between the two sides are roughly like this. The ball cannot touch the ground after the kick-off. If it touches the ground, you will lose, and if you pass the ball through the goal, you will win. The roles and responsibilities of the Cuju players on both sides are very clear. The responsibility of the ball head is to pass the ball through the goal. Other players, such as the front ball, the secondary ball, the left pole net, the right pole net, and the scattered stand, etc. all use various solutions. Keep the ball off the ground and create opportunities for the head of the ball to reach the ball. The two sides are generally divided into left army and right army, with different numbers of players.
The game can be played in three or five rounds, and each round is called one-up, "slightly better", "comes first".
2.3.3 Cuju competition without goal - Bai Da
The Bai Da kicking method was also very popular in the Song Dynasty. The so-called "one hundred thousand kicks with the toes can solve hundreds of thousands of problems" means using the head, shoulders, back, chest, knees, legs, feet, etc. to form a complete set of patterns and movements to keep the "ball from falling all day long." Develop from game shooting to dexterity and ball control skills. Scattered kicking that does not use a goal is commonly known as "white kicking". White kicking does not require other equipment except the ball, and the venue is extremely simple. It only needs a flat place, usually in a quiet place with quiet scenery. The white kicking method emphasizes tricks. It is interesting and has been carried out extensively. The white kicking method can be played by one person alone, two people kicking against each other, or three or more people kicking in turns.
2.4 Non-governmental football organization, "Qiyun Society" or "Yuan Society"
In the Song Dynasty, football artists organized their own groups, called "Yuan Society", which specialized in Promote Cuju activities and competitions.
At that time, there was also a football organization among the people, which was called "Qiyun Society" or "Yuan Society" at that time.
According to the records in "Cuju Pu", the ball club has had a certain influence in the capital. It is said that "when it comes to romance, there is no one like Yuanshe" and "everyone knows Qiyun Yishe and Sanjin Fight to be the first." These words are a reflection and praise for the football club. People who join the football club must abide by the club's rules. For example, they are not allowed to do dangerous actions such as "turning when walking, stepping backward; stepping shoulder when walking, stepping backward" and other dangerous actions. It also stipulates that "no kicking is allowed when the wind is strong, and no kicking is allowed after drinking", etc. It is proposed that sports hygiene should be paid attention to when playing football.
2.5 Cuju Clothing
See the following characteristics of the players playing ball in the picture.
1. When choosing clothing, pay attention to practicality, choose a round-neck robe that combines competitive sports, and tuck the front. As shown in Li Gonglin's "Five Horse Pictures" of the Song Dynasty, this kind of "robe" is tucked on the right hip, which is conducive to strenuous sports such as horse riding and archery. It can fully liberate the limbs and expand the range of activities of the limbs. It also cooperates with the flexibility of the limbs and is consistent with the Cuju movement. needs.
2. In terms of local styling design: such as "cross collar" and "open folded collar" both form a "V" shape on the collar. Functionally speaking, the "V" shape facilitates neck movement on the one hand, and is suitable for heat dissipation during strenuous exercise on the other.
3. When choosing accessories, use turbans, scarves and other hat-style hats to wrap the head and tie the hair tightly to prevent it from falling and hindering movement.
The restoration of Cuju
Facing the historic opportunity of proving and confirming the origin of football, Zibo Linzi Juwang Sports and Cultural Products Factory took the lead in taking advantage of local cultural resources and developed A series of products with extremely high historical and cultural value and strong local characteristics of Linzi have obtained a number of national patents and trademarks, seizing the opportunity to use the unique cultural resources of the origin of football for industrial operations. The company's product, antique Cuju, was well received by FIFA and AFC officials including FIFA Chairman Mr. Blatter, AFC Secretary-General Mr. Veerappan and other officials at the Third International Football Expo held in Beijing in July 2004. The recognition and high praise established China's Cuju as the ancestor of football and its historical position in the history of world football development, making an outstanding contribution to the final confirmation of the origin of football. In May 2005, at the closing ceremony of the FIFA Centenary Celebration held in Zurich, Switzerland, FIFA received the Chinese delegation from the birthplace of football with the highest standards of etiquette to thank ancient Chinese Cuju for its great contribution to world football. Contribution, ancient football - Cuju, became the star at the closing ceremony. Officials from FIFA and five continental football associations rushed to sign autographs. Now, the origin of football and Cuju have become a dazzling business card of Zibo, Linzi and even China.