1. Briefly explain the basic content of the five levels of the overall product concept.

Five levels of the overall concept of the product:

1. Core benefit level refers to the basic utility or benefit that the product can provide to consumers, which is what consumers really want to buy. basic utility or benefit.

2. The tangible product level is the specific physical form of the product when it appears on the market, mainly in terms of quality, features, styles, trademarks, packaging, etc. It is the material carrier of core interests.

3. Expected product level refers to the customer’s expectations for the quality, ease of use, features, etc. of the purchased product before purchasing the product.

4. Extended product level refers to the product level provided by the product producer or operator that buyers need, mainly to help users make better use of core benefits and services.

5. The potential product level is a product level that is provided by the enterprise to meet the potential needs of customers in addition to the extended product level. It is mainly a value-added service for the product. Briefly explain the basic functions of the four levels of i/o software

***There are 5 levels, from bottom to top: hardware -> interrupt handler -> device driver -> device independence Software->User layer I/O software

Hardware: I/O device

Interrupt handler: used to store the CPU environment of the interrupted program and transfer to the corresponding interrupt The processing program performs processing, restores the scene after processing, and returns to the interrupted program

Device driver: directly related to the hardware, used to specifically implement the operating instructions issued by the system to the device, driving I/ ODevice work

Device independence software: used to implement a unified interface between user programs and device drivers, device commands, device protection, and device allocation and release, etc.

The highest level: used to realize the interaction between users and I/O devices. Taking a TV as an example to illustrate the five levels of the overall product concept. 42, briefly describe the discounts in the pricing strategy

1. Core product

It refers to the basic utility and benefits of the product provided to customers.

Fundamentally, every product is essentially a service that solves a problem.

For example, the purpose of consumers buying lipstick is not to obtain an entity of a certain color or shape, but to improve their own image and temperament through the use of lipstick.

2. Form product

Refers to the form in which the core product is realized or the specific form in which the target market meets the needs.

Formal products generally consist of five characteristics, namely quality, style, features, trademark and packaging. Core products must be realized through form products.

3. Expected product

Refers to a set of attributes and conditions closely related to the product that buyers expect when purchasing a product.

Hotel guests expect clean beds, shampoo, bath towels, TV and other services.

4. Extended products

Refers to the sum of various benefits that customers receive when purchasing formal products and desired products, including manuals, warranties, installation, maintenance, delivery, Technical training, etc.

5. Potential products

Refers to existing products, including all additional products, that may develop into the potential state of future final products.

Potential products point out the possible evolution trends and prospects of existing products.

For example, color televisions can be developed into video recorders, computer terminals, etc.

I wonder if it can help you to know which level of the overall concept of real estate products the house type belongs to

Personally, I think it should be the tangible product level of the product, which is the specific physical form of the product when it appears on the market. , mainly manifested in quality, features, styles, trademarks, packaging, etc., and is the material carrier of core interests. Briefly explain the basic concept of database

A database is a collection of data that is stored in a computer for a long time, is organized, and can be shared.

Database features: low redundancy, high data independence, easy expansion kit.

Database system (DBS): The system structure after introducing a database into the computer system.

The database system consists of: database, database management system (and its development tools), application system, and database administrator. A data model is a simulation of the real world.

Data model elements: data structure,

data operations,

integrity constraints.

Define the interrelationship between attribute values ??(mainly reflected in the equality of values), this is data dependence, which is the key to database schema design

.

Functional dependency: Let R(U) be a relational pattern on an attribute set U, and X and Y are subsets of U.

If for any possible relation r of R(U), it is impossible for two tuples in r to have equal attribute values ??on X and unequal attribute values ??on Y, then it is called "X function determines Y" or

"Y function depends on X", denoted as X→Y.

Locking means that transaction T first sends a request to the system to lock it before operating on a certain data object (such as a table, record, etc.)

.

Two-stage lock protocol: means that all transactions must lock and unlock data items in two stages

Before reading or writing any data, the transaction must first obtain the right The overall concept content of the sealed water heater product in this information

Hello

1. Appearance, the size should not be too large, the look and feel is generous, and there is an execution monitoring window/display.

2. Safe, anti-leakage: (water leakage, electricity leakage, air leakage, medium leakage,), anti-injury, anti-poisoning (gas water heater)

3. Easy to operate, One-button operation, suitable for adults/elderly/children.

4. Easy to install, ordinary electricians can install it, the external interface/external accessories are universal,

5. Residential water heaters include: (1) Solar water heater,

(2) Air-energy water heater,

(3) Instant electric water heater,

(4) Storage-type electric water heater,

(5) Gas (Instant heating) water heater (gas is divided into: coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas,),

(6) Household boiler (hanging boiler) gas/hot water dual-purpose water heater (divided into: electricity, Gas)

I hope it can help you. What are the seven layers of the OSI architecture? Briefly explain the role of each level.

OSI is the abbreviation of Open System Interconnect, which means open system interconnection. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the OSI model. This model divides network communication work into seven layers, namely the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer. Layers 1 to 4 are considered the lower layers, and these layers are closely related to data movement. Layers 5 to 7 are the higher layers and contain application-level data. Each layer is responsible for a specific job and then transmits the data to the next layer.

The first layer is the physical layer (that is, the first layer in the OSI model) is often ignored in the classroom. It may seem simple. However, there are certain aspects of this layer that sometimes require special attention. The physical layer is actually the wiring, fiber optics, network cards, and other things used to connect two network communication devices together. Even a homing pigeon could be considered a Tier 1 device. Troubleshooting network problems often involves layer 1 issues. We can’t forget the legendary story of wiring an entire floor with Category 5 cable. Office chairs often run over cables, causing intermittent network connections. Unfortunately, this failure is very common and can take a long time to troubleshoot.

Layer 2 is the data link layer

It implements protocols such as Ethernet. Remember, we want to keep this question simple. The most important thing in layer 2 is that you should understand what a bridge is. A switch can be thought of as a bridge, which is what people call it now. Bridges all work at layer 2 and only focus on MAC addresses on the Ethernet. If you're talking about MAC addresses, switches, or network cards and drivers, you're in Layer 2 territory.

Hubs fall into the realm of Layer 1 because they are just electronic devices and have no knowledge of Layer 2. Tier 2 related issues have their own section in this webinar, so the details of this issue will not be discussed in detail now. Now you only need to know that layer 2 converts the data frame into binary bits for layer 1 processing.

The third layer is the network layer

There may be many data links and many communications between two computers communicating in the computer network. subnet. The task of the network layer is to select appropriate inter-network routing and switching nodes to ensure timely transmission of data. The network layer composes frames provided by the data link layer into data packets. The packets are encapsulated with network layer headers, which contain logical address information - the network addresses of the source site and destination site addresses.

If you are talking about an IP address, then you are dealing with a layer 3 problem, which is a "packet" problem, not a layer 2 "frame" problem. IP is part of the Layer 3 issue, along with some routing protocols and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). Everything related to routing is handled at Layer 3. Address resolution and routing are important purposes of layer 3.

Layer 4 is the transport layer that handles information. Layer 4 data units are also called packets. However, when you talk about specific protocols such as TCP, there are special names. The data units of TCP are called segments and the data units of the UDP protocol are called "datagrams". This layer is responsible for obtaining all information, so it must keep track of fragmented data units, packets arriving out of order, and other hazards that may occur during transmission. Another way to think about Layer 4 is that it provides end-to-end communications management. Some protocols like TCP are very good at ensuring the reliability of communication. Some protocols don't care whether some packets are lost, and the UDP protocol is a major example.

Layer 5 is the session layer

This layer can also be called the session layer or the conversation layer. In the session layer and higher levels above, the unit of data transmission is no longer separate. Named, collectively called messages. The session layer does not participate in specific transmission. It provides mechanisms for establishing and maintaining communication between applications, including access verification and session management. For example, server authentication of user login is completed by the session layer.

The sixth layer is the presentation layer

This layer mainly solves the problem of grammatical representation of supporting information. It converts the data to be exchanged from an abstract syntax suitable for a certain user to a transmission syntax suitable for internal use in the OSI system. That is to provide formatted representation and conversion data services. The presentation layer is responsible for data compression and decompression, encryption and decryption.

Level 7 is "Everything". Layer 7 is also called the "application layer" and is dedicated to applications. The application layer determines the nature of communication between programs to meet user needs and provides interface services between the network and user applications. If your program requires data in a specific format, you can invent some form of data that you want to be able to send the data to. format to the destination, and establishes a Layer 7 protocol. SMTP, DNS and FTP are all layer 7 protocols.

The most important thing to learn about the OSI model is what it actually means.

If you are an operating system on the Internet. Network cards working on Layers 1 and 2 will notify you when data arrives. The driver handles the export of layer 2 frames, through which you get a shiny and flashy layer 3 packet (hopefully). As an operating system, you will call some common applications to process layer 3 data. If the data comes up from below, you know it's a packet sent to you, or it's a broadcast packet (unless you're also a router, but don't worry about that for now). If you decide to keep this data pack, you will open it and remove the Tier 4 data pack. If it is a TCP protocol, the TCP subsystem will be called and open the packet, and then pass the layer 7 data to the application waiting on the destination port. The process is over.

When it comes to responding to other computers on the network, everything happens in reverse order. The layer 7 application will pass the data to the executor of the TCP protocol. The TCP protocol then adds additional headers to this data.

In this direction, the data becomes larger with each step forward. The TCP protocol adds a legal TCP field to the IP protocol. Then, the IP protocol hands this packet to the Ethernet. Ethernet then sends this data to the driver as an Ethernet frame. Then, this data passes through the network. The routers along the line will partially decompose the packet to obtain the Layer 3 header to determine where the packet should be sent. If the destination of this data packet is the local Ethernet subnet, the operating system will perform address resolution for the computer instead of the router and transmit the data directly to the host. What is the signal peptide hypothesis? Briefly explain its basic content?

It was proposed by Blobel and Sabatini in 1971:

(1) Structural genes of secreted proteins Contains a unique sequence encoding the N-terminus consisting of highly hydrophobic amino acid residues;

(2) Translation of the newly dechained amino-terminal signal sequence and the appearance of this sequence outside the ribosome to trigger ribosome binding to the membrane, which is the result of the hydrophobic nature of the signal peptide sequence and the special sites on the ribosome that bind to the membrane;

(3) The extension of the membrane-bound ribosome polypeptide chain proceeds vertically, Release the nascent chain through the membrane;

(4) The signal sequence is hydrolyzed from the polypeptide chain by the signal peptidase during secretion or after secretion.

In fact, to put it simply, a section of the protein at the N-terminus has a signaling function during protein sorting, so it is called a signal peptide. What are the five levels included in the overall concept of the product.

Core products, tangible products, additional products, expected products, latent products. View original post >> Take rice dumplings as an example to illustrate the product concept with five complete levels.

Core products, form products, expected products, extended products, and potential products.

1. Any product is composed of three layers. The innermost layer is the core product, the second layer is the peripheral product, and the third layer is the epitaxial product. The core product refers to the basic utility or benefit of the product provided to the customer. The core product is the benefit that customers really want to buy, that is, the use value of the product.

2. Form product refers to the form in which the core product is realized or the specific form in which the target market meets a certain demand, including quality, style, features, trademarks and packaging.

3. Expected product refers to a set of attributes and conditions closely related to the product that buyers expect when purchasing a product. Different people have different expectations for this.

4. Extended products refer to the sum of various benefits that customers receive when purchasing formal products and desired products, including product instructions, guarantees, dates, qualifications, delivery, technical training and processing, etc.

5. Potential products refer to existing products, including all additional products, that may develop into the potential state of future final products. The potential product layer is the fifth level of the product, which refers to all possible additions and changes to the product. It is a new way for companies to strive to satisfy customers and differentiate themselves from other competitors. Potential products are the highest level of the overall product concept, and few companies can achieve this. If an enterprise can achieve this level, it will form an absolute competitive advantage and completely defeat all competitors. This requires enterprises to have strong forecasting capabilities and long-term strategic vision. At the same time, this is also based on strong financial resources and scientific research capabilities, but there are also many companies that have not done this well and are in trouble, losing large parts of the market. Whoever can grasp the development direction of potential products will gain market opportunities. Therefore, enterprises should increase their research and development efforts, constantly introduce new products, stay at the forefront of the industry, and achieve sustainable development with a long-term vision and strong forecasting capabilities.