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Overview and status of duck farming industry
1. lNumber and distribution
According to statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the world's duck population in 2002 was 948 million, and the Asian population reached 844 million, accounting for 89.0% of the world's total duck population. % (see Table 1), followed by European ducks with a population of 63 million, accounting for 6.6% of the world’s total duck population. In Asia, ducks are mainly raised in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, India and other countries. China has the largest number of ducks, with a population of 661 million, accounting for 69.7% of the world's total duck population and 78.8% of Asia's. 3%, it can be seen that my country is the world's largest duck producer.
Table 1 World duck population: 100 million
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
China
5.12 ??
5.62
6.12
6.36
6.61
Asia
6.68
7.28
7.88
8.14
8.44
Europe
0.60
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.63
World
7.68
8.33
8.92
9.18
9.48
China accounts for Asia (%)
76.60
77.20
77.70
78.10
78.30
China accounts for the world (%)
66.60
67.50
68.60
69.30
69.70
my country's duck breeding areas are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, East China, southeastern coastal provinces and North China and other provinces and cities. In addition, Taiwan is also the main producing area of ??duck. According to statistics, in 2002, 1.532 billion ducks were slaughtered in 12 provinces and municipalities including Sichuan, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Chongqing, and Hubei, accounting for 83% of the national duck production. ．8%. Among them, Sichuan Province is the largest duck-raising province in my country. In 2002, 337 million ducks were sold for slaughter, accounting for 18.4% of the total number of ducks sold nationwide. Followed by Guangdong with 194 million, Hunan with 147 million, and Jiangsu with 123 million.
1.2 Duck meat, eggs, and down production
According to FAO statistics, the world's total duck meat production reached 3.05 million tons in 2002, and duck meat production in Asia and Europe reached 2.492 million tons respectively. tons and 393,000 tons (see Table 2), accounting for 81.7% and 12.9% of the world's total duck meat production respectively; China's duck meat production reached 2.116 million tons, accounting for 69.4% of the world's total production. According to my country With a population of 1.30 billion, the per capita duck meat consumption reaches 1.63 grams. In 2002, my country's duck egg production reached 3.542 million tons, and the per capita possession reached 2.72 kilograms. my country's down export trade volume accounts for 50% of the world's total. In 2002, my country exported about 70,000 tons of down products and earned more than 650 million US dollars in foreign exchange. It is the world's largest down producer. To sum up, my country’s duck meat, duck eggs and down production ranks first in the world.
Table 2 World duck meat production in 10,000 tons
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
China
172.97
185.89
199.67
201.0
211.62
Asia
206.62
220.19
234.76
237.32
249.24
Europe
36.65
38.33
40.19
39.51
39.27
World
259.16
274.57
291.38
293.31
305.00
China accounts for Asia (%)
83.7
84.4
85.0
84.7
84.9
China accounts for the world (%)
66.7
67.7
68.5
68.5
69.4
2 Progress in science and technology of duck farming
2. l Breed resources and utilization
my country is rich in duck breed resources, with 12 duck breeds (see attached picture, except Guizhou Sansui duck) listed in the "China Poultry Breeds Chronicle". The working people have cultivated many local varieties with excellent production performance through long-term production practice, such as Peking duck, Shaoxing duck, Jinding duck, Gaoyou duck, Jianchang duck, Liancheng white duck, etc. In recent years, through further selection and breeding by poultry experts and breeders, production performance has been continuously improved. For example, the egg-laying duck breeds such as Shaoxing duck, Jinding duck and Taiwan brown duck can produce more than 300 eggs per year, surpassing foreign egg-laying duck breeds; Peking duck is the most famous meat duck breed in the world and is used by domestic and foreign meat duck breeders. As breeding materials, many meat duck breeds of the company (such as Cherry Valley duck, Lijia duck, Obaixing duck, Maple leaf duck, Haig duck and Tianfu meat duck, etc.) have the blood of Peking duck; the production performance of Tianfu meat duck has reached The production level of high-quality white Muscovy duck RF series and Taiwan white-feathered mule duck has also reached the world's advanced level.
my country is the earliest country to produce mule ducks. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research and application of mule-duck hybrid production systems and breeding technologies, using the best two methods. The three-way hybrid system replaces the traditional mule duck production (Muscovy duck ♂ × shelduck ♀); currently commonly used hybrid combinations are Muscovy duck ♂ × (Peking duck × laying duck) ♀, Muscovy duck ♂ × large meat duck day. French Muscovy duck is used as a large meat duck. The duck produced has the advantages of fast growth before 6 weeks of age of large meat duck and fast growth of Muscovy duck after 6 weeks of age. It also has high breast and leg muscle rate, good meat quality, and sebum. rate is low. Therefore, using pure Muscovy male ducks and large meat duck (Peking duck series) female ducks to produce mule ducks is one of the effective ways to improve the quality of duck meat.
2.2 The breeding system of fine breed ducks has begun to take shape
Since the reform and opening up, various regions have successively invested in the construction of breeding duck farms of a certain scale, responsible for the breeding and seed supply of fine breed ducks in our country, and provided the The construction of my country's duck breeding system and the development of duck production have played a role in promoting the development. These duck farms mainly include: Beijing Duck Breeding Center, Shaoya Original Breeding Farm, Sichuan Original Waterfowl Farm, Sichuan Mianying Duck Breeding Co., Ltd., Chengdu Cremo Breeding Co., Ltd., Nanjing Cherry Valley Ancestral Duck Farm, Jiangsu Gaoyou Duck Group , Fujian Quanzhou Lijia Good Livestock Co., Ltd., Fujian Agricultural University Muscovy Duck Farm, Hebei Xianghe Zhengda, Henan Huaying Group, etc.
2.3 Application of artificial insemination technology
In order to improve the utilization rate of fine male ducks, artificial insemination technology has been widely used in duck breeding.
In the past, this technology was mostly used to produce mule ducks, with an average fertilization rate of 72% to 75%. Nowadays, artificial insemination technology is also used in the breeding of meat duck breeds. Muscovy duck breed breeding uses artificial insemination technology. The utilization rate of male ducks is significantly higher than that of natural mating. To raise 1,000 female ducks, only 40 males are needed (natural mating is 1:5, 200 males are required, and artificial insemination is 1:25). 160 fewer male ducks can be raised, saving a lot of feed costs. At the same time, it plays an important role in accelerating the selection and expansion of high-yielding lines.
2.4 Scientific improvements in feeding methods
With the development of intensive duck production, extensive seasonal grazing has been transformed into greenhouse brooding, online flat raising of meat ducks, Captive breeding of laying ducks, supplementary feeding with pellet compound feeds, comprehensive prevention and control of duck diseases, balanced slaughter throughout the year, etc. The promotion of these scientific duck raising technologies has greatly improved the economic benefits of duck raising, is also conducive to health and epidemic prevention and ecological environment protection, and has received good economic and social benefits.
2.5 Processing and Utilization of Duck Products
Duck meat occupies an important position in Chinese food culture. In recent years, with the development of my country’s commercial waterfowl industry, my country’s duck products, in addition to the traditional Beijing Roast duck and Guangzhou roast duck are well-known at home and abroad, and famous brands emerge in large numbers from all over the world, such as Sichuan Zhangcha duck, scalded duck, Chongqing Bai Renyi salted duck, Jiangsu salted duck, and Shanghai Daying duck. Fuzhou Yin duck, Shayang salted duck, Annan salted duck, Sankang sauce duck, etc.; prepared products include duck meatballs, duck burgers, and duck ham; leisure products include duck jerky, duck meat sticks, and duck slices; egg products include red heart salty products. Duck eggs, double yolk salted eggs, lead-free preserved eggs, health eggs; other products include duck liver, fur, fresh bone paste, etc. "Emperor Good Duck", which uses Muscovy duck as its raw material, has more than 300 chain stores in Taiwan, and there are also many chain stores in major cities in China. Nanjing is known as the duck capital. There are more than 1,500 braised duck and salted duck processing factories in the city, with an annual processing capacity of up to 15 million pieces, of which salted duck accounts for 76% of consumption. Sichuan is the largest duck-raising province in the country, with a wide variety of duck products processed. The annual consumption of plum-tea duck, scalded duck, and roast duck in Chengdu alone reaches more than 45.6 million. In recent years, in addition to exporting salted duck, preserved eggs, and salt eggs, my country has also exported duck products such as white-striped duck, duck rolls, smoked duck meat, frozen Muscovy duck, breast meat, and leg meat. Frozen duck and duck meat are mainly exported to Japan and South Korea, while traditional duck products and processed eggs are mainly exported to Southeast Asia and overseas Chinese gathering areas. According to statistics, my country exported 2.18 million tons of duck meat in 2001.
3 Current problems
3.1 The potential of the duck industry has not been fully realized
In terms of the structure of eggs and poultry meat, duck products account for a small proportion . According to statistics, duck meat accounts for 14.7% of poultry meat, and duck eggs only account for 9.8% of poultry eggs.
3.2 The duck breeding system is imperfect
Commercial breeding in my country The duck industry started late, with low investment. The duck breeding farms are small-scale, the production facilities are simple, and the breeding methods are backward, resulting in insufficient seed supply capacity and unstable production performance. There are some duck breeding farms that do not follow the prescribed procedures for seed production and use commercial poultry leftovers. influence development.
3.3 Duck feeding research is seriously lagging behind
There is currently no national standard for the nutritional needs of meat ducks and laying ducks at different growth stages in my country, and duck-specific feed accounts for a small proportion of my country's compound feed. , some duck farms can only use laying hen feed or broiler feed instead, which is not suitable for the existing duck production scale.
3.4 The processing methods of duck products are backward.
Due to the backward processing methods, the products produced are of low grade and cannot fully meet the needs of modern consumption and export. Although my country's duck products are rich and diverse, most of them are processed and produced in traditional manual workshops, and there is still room for improvement in terms of product quality and hygiene standards. In particular, duck meat export companies should strictly control hygiene standards and drug residue indicators.
3.5 The degree of industrialization is low
The main production links of duck production include seed supply, material supply, technical services, product processing, and circulation. The industrial chain is disconnected from each other, and the production, supply and marketing information is inconsistent. The contradiction between production and marketing is prominent and the distribution of interests is uneven, resulting in large market fluctuations and uneven production, which seriously affects the enthusiasm of commodity producers and the sustained and stable development of production.
4 Future development preparations
4. l Establish a breeding system for fine duck breeds and protect breed resources in zones
4.l.1 Strengthen the breeding system for fine duck breeds. This system should be led by the breeding centers of fine breeds for meat ducks and laying ducks, and use China’s own fine breeds. As the main body, national and regional breeding farms and breeding farms were established respectively to form a breeding system for fine varieties. In terms of broilers and laying hens, our country has invested tens of millions of yuan each to introduce complete sets of the latest supporting strains from abroad and established breeding centers and systems, with very obvious results. However, for the duck breeding industry, which requires low investment, large output, high efficiency, and does not require the introduction of foreign breeds, no breeding center has been established so far. We should pay close attention to the construction of an improved duck breeding system in the early 21st century, and establish all commercial duck farms in the country as soon as possible. Within, achieve the goal of improving seeds.
4.1.2 Strengthen the research on new supporting strains of meat ducks. Further strengthen the research on supporting strains of Beijing ducks and Tianfu ducks, and continue to aim at high efficiency, high quality and fast growth to improve the production level of meat ducks in my country. ; Strengthen research on supporting production of mule and duck. The hybrid advantage is very obvious by using the tumor duck as the male parent and the domestic duck (Peking duck or shelduck) as the female parent. The hybrid advantage is very obvious. It is an excellent new meat duck product and should be paid attention to and promoted.
4.1.3 Preserve excellent breed resources and prevent resource loss. For the 12 key duck breeds that have been included in the "Chinese Poultry Breeds", the country should make plans and implement resource conservation in different regions to avoid blind hybridization or Resource loss. The painful lessons of the loss of many excellent local chicken breeding resources should serve as a lesson for the future.
4.2 Establish large-scale commodity production bases and form industry groups
my country's waterfowl production should adopt the policy of coexistence of grazing and intensive breeding. Where conditions permit for grazing, natural conditions and cheap labor in rural areas should be fully utilized to develop duck farming on tidal flats, duck farming in rice fields, duck farming in rivers and lakes, and a combination of duck and fish. This kind of breeding method that combines agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery will be fully utilized for a long period of time in the future to increase production.
At the same time, a number of large-scale duck production bases will be established in places suitable for the development of waterfowl to implement specialized production, serialized services, and integrated operations. Form various industry groups, including duck processing group, waterfowl liver group, down and fur group, etc., and pay attention to overall benefits. Only in this way can we give full play to our technological advantages, effectively integrate science and technology into production, increase the added value of goods, and enhance our international competitiveness.
4.3 Research and formulate the nutritional standards for ducks in my country
The current duck feed is basically formulated with reference to the nutritional data of chickens, because ducks have more developed nutrients than chickens. Gizzard, protein requirements are lower. Therefore, feeding standards suitable for my country's meat ducks and laying ducks at different growth stages should be formulated as soon as possible through experimental research.
4.4 Research on the intensive breeding technology of laying ducks
Currently, the production of laying ducks in my country is mainly concentrated in the southeastern coastal provinces, and the feeding methods are mainly grazing or captive breeding. Therefore, under the conditions of water shortage and low temperature, It cannot be promoted in the northern and western regions of the country. In the future, intensive breeding and grazing of laying ducks should be implemented. The principle of semi-grazing and walking on two legs solves the intensive breeding process. Research should be organized to develop supporting technologies and techniques in terms of building construction, supporting facilities, species selection, nutritional standards, feeding techniques, health and epidemic prevention, and environmental control for intensive breeding. Improving the breeding technology of laying ducks can not only maintain stable and high yields, but also greatly improve the feed conversion rate. It can also greatly expand the breeding range of laying ducks to the north and west. Ducks can be raised directly in grain-producing areas to sell eggs, reducing transportation links and costs.
4.5 Carry out in-depth processing of duck products and expand domestic and foreign markets
Experience has proved that wherever duck production is developed, post-production processing and sales are done well and Live and develop. The world-famous Peking duck has promoted the formation, improvement and development of improved Peking duck breeds; Jiangsu salted duck and Jianchang salted duck have promoted the development of Jiangsu Gaoyou duck and Sichuan Jianchang duck.
At present, the following work should be focused on:
4.5.l Egg processing industry Preserved eggs, salted eggs, bad eggs, and gray eggs are traditional products of our country and also traditional export commodities. The quality should continue to be improved. ; Processing fresh eggs into egg powder, the fat and protein of duck eggs are 4% higher than that of eggs, and can be used as nutritious convenience food. Mayonnaise is more popular abroad and is a favorite egg product among consumers. It emulsifies egg fat into a semi-solid food. Various spices and seasonings can also be added to form different mayonnaise series products.
4.5.2 In addition to the traditional processing of duck meat products with Chinese characteristics such as roast duck, salted duck, salted duck, crispy duck, braised duck, smoked duck, etc., we can also learn from foreign experience to process duck carcasses. (or back, neck, skeleton, etc.) The meat fibers are squeezed from the screen into poultry pulp through an extrusion bone and meat separator. During the extrusion operation, a large amount of fat and heme in the bone marrow seep into the poultry pulp. Improves the fat content and flavor of the product. In recent years, this type of product has become popular in the European and American markets. The United States has an annual output of more than 200 million pounds, and has successfully applied it to large sausages, salami sausages, frankfurter sausages, smoked meat slices, meat rolls, meat patties, small animal food, children's food, Imitation steak, imitation pork chop, etc. The international market has broad prospects.
4.5.3 Down processing industry Down is a high-grade cold-proof and warm material. my country’s annual export volume accounts for one-half of the world’s down trade volume. In recent years, it has earned more than 700 million U.S. dollars in foreign exchange for the country. Selling well in more than 20 countries and regions, it is a long-lasting export commodity.
The existing problem is that my country's down collection technology is backward, and most of them still use the method of killing live animals and then scalding them to extract the hair, which affects the output and quality of down. Low cashmere content, poor elasticity, and low price. Promote the live plucking method to make one duck especially. Breeding ducks can extract feathers multiple times in a row, which can not only increase down production but also improve down quality; at the same time, we will further focus on the post-processing of down, export more down products and less raw materials, so as to increase the added value of deep processing of down.
4.5.4 Fatty liver industry This is a new type of high-end waterfowl food, which has grown rapidly in the past 20 years. France is the largest liver producer in the world, but it is also a major liver trader, monopolizing the world liver market. It not only imports liver from Hungary, Israel and other countries, but also re-exports liver to more than 100 countries around the world. Hungary is a major producer of foie gras, and all its products are exported to earn foreign exchange. The liver industry is known as "Hungary's U.S. dollars." Israel is a small country with a small population, but it exports more than 300 tons of liver every year. It is called the most profitable industry in the livestock industry by Israelis.
Since the trial production of fatty liver in 1981, our country has mastered a full set of production processes. Zhejiang Yongkang Fatty Liver Factory once exported 11 tons of fresh fatty liver to Japan, selling for US$35,000 per ton, with a net profit of US$15,000 per ton. Shandong, Jiangsu, Hunan and other provinces also built factories to trial the production of foie gras. However, due to their small scale and quality that did not meet certain standards, they were ultimately unable to open up sales in the Western European market and were forced to suspend production. In recent years, Guangxi, Jilin and other provinces have launched fatty liver industrialization projects. my country's production of fatty liver has two major advantages: abundant waterfowl resources and cheap labor. If the state provides appropriate support and guidance and establishes competitive industry groups, we may become a major producer of fatty liver.
4.6 Strengthen research on responding to foreign technical barriers
Duck products have always been a traditional export commodity in my country’s foreign trade and are very popular among consumers in markets such as Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and the European Union. However, in recent years, foreign official quarantine agencies have paid serious attention to the safety, hygiene and health of imported duck products, and inspection and quarantine requirements have become increasingly higher, which has affected the normal export of my country's duck products. my country has officially joined the WTO in December 2001. In order to maintain and expand foreign exports, we should strengthen research on countermeasures for exporting duck products.
4.6.1 Enterprises producing and processing duck products for export should establish a self-control system in accordance with the general requirements of international food hygiene from aspects such as enterprise hygiene quality management, equipment and facility construction, pre- and post-slaughter inspection, and raw material source control. Safety system for enterprise food production. At the same time, we should actively apply for foreign health registration. Only by obtaining the health registration of the importing country can we obtain the access permit to enter the country's market.
Qualified enterprises must comply with ISO9000. HACCP management is helpful for foreign health registration.
4.6.2 To improve my country’s disease prevention system and to control animal diseases, we must give full play to the strengths of the animal husbandry department, colleges and universities, and scientific research units, pay attention to disease prevention and control in breeding, and control diseases from the source. And pay attention to the monitoring of residues in animals and animal-derived foods. Enterprises must use drugs rationally according to regulations and strictly implement prescribed withdrawal periods. Management departments should strengthen the use management and testing of hormones, additives, and heavy metals to ensure that products produced in my country do not affect product exports due to excessive physical and chemical residues.
4.6.3 Make full use of the Animal and Plant Sanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement to break through the trade barriers set by other countries against our duck products. Developed countries in the world use animal inspection and quarantine as technical barriers to protect their own animal production. interests of the person. Our country should use its status as a member of the WTO to participate extensively in its various activities, such as participating in the formulation of inspection and quarantine standards, understanding how to set up technical barriers between members and how to resolve these trade disputes, constantly accumulating experience, breaking down trade barriers, and providing opportunities for exports. Foreign exchange earning services.
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