Fire is a very broad concept, which basically contains two elements: luminescence (photon generation) and heat generation (such as oxidation and nuclear reaction). In life, fire can be considered as a symbol of some changes in matter. Many substances can produce light and heat in certain changes or reactions, and both of them constitute what we call "fire".
Take candles as an example. When wax burns, it certainly produces fire. But who should we think is fire? Is it wax, or carbon dioxide, water, or even small molecular organic matter decomposed from carbon or wax?
water and carbon dioxide can't produce fire by themselves, so this possibility can be ruled out; When the candle burns, we see black smoke, which shows that the carbon still exists well and has not reacted, so this possibility does not exist. As for other hetero-molecules, they are also by-products of combustion. Since they are called products, they will not change in the reaction process we are discussing, so we should rule them out. There is only wax left. Wax is fire? It's ridiculous. Yes, wax itself is by no means fire, but fire comes from wax, not any other substance mentioned above, which is certain. Wax produces fire, but fire is not any reactant or product itself in this reaction! Fire is fire itself! But fire is actually a substance, but it is not just a substance.
maybe we will also ask "what is lightning", and some people may answer "lightning is a phenomenon, not a substance", which makes no sense. In fact, this problem is worth thinking about. Lightning is produced in the air, more precisely, in the cloud (dominated by water). Books tell us that lightning is caused by neutralization, but this doesn't hit the point. I believe that someone said that "lightning is a natural phenomenon" and no one will refute it, but my lightning and his lightning are two different words. I said a material noun, and he said a gerund! For example, I said lightning is like snow, and he said lightning is like fall of snow OR snowing. There are also the same understanding differences about the understanding of fire. However, we should be clear that any natural phenomenon is material. What exists objectively is the material itself, and its phenomenon is only a reflection in the human brain, or human perception and subsequent rational thinking.
in a fire, light is both matter and energy, which is not difficult to accept. As for heat, most people think that heat is only energy, but in fact, thermal radiation, as an electromagnetic radiation, also has materiality in quantum physics, which is the same as the essence of light. At a deeper level, matter and energy are unified and equivalent. It's just that contemporary physics circles tend to unify matter with energy-limited energy. Therefore, the essence of fire is not only electromagnetic wave with light wave and thermal radiation, but also material and energy with light energy and thermal energy.
when electrons leave the nucleus, this process is called ionization. At this time, the substance becomes a uniform "paste" composed of positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons, which is called ionic slurry. The total amount of positive and negative charges in these plasma is equal, so it is also called plasma.
The fire we usually see is the photon emitted by ionized electrons when they return to the ground state from the excited state. Photons with different energies have different colors.
does fire have gravity? The answer is yes, because the shape of fire in a weightless space capsule is spherical, and its shape is influenced by gravity.
In junior middle school chemistry, fire is defined as the phenomenon of heat and light produced during the burning of substances, so how to explain it? That's because junior high school chemistry explains fire from macroscopic phenomena, while modern physics pays more attention to explaining phenomena from microscopic particles after entering the microscopic field.
From the macro definition of matter, fire is matter, because from the macro definition of philosophy, the state of matter is also matter, and matter and state are not contradictory.
Fire is the foundation of diet and cooking. It should be said that with fire, there is a food culture. Before the birth of fire, the ancestors could only live a primitive and animal-like life. The so-called "eating the food of vegetation, the meat of birds and beasts, drinking their blood, like their hair." As Han Feizi said, "People eat fruits and clams, and their stomachs are hurt by foul smell, which leads to many diseases." After the birth of fire, it was only after the birth of fire that "guns became familiar, which made people have no abdominal diseases and were different from animals." The inventor of fire, China's consistent legend is that the man who made a fire by drilling for fire. Archaeologists preliminarily speculated from the stone tools used by Peking man in Zhoukoudian that Chinese man began to use fire consciously, about 5, years ago.
In the history of China, there are three emperors and five emperors who say that there are at least four ways to call san huang. One way is Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi (Shiben and Imperial Century); There is a saying that Fuxi, Nv Misfortune and Shennong (san huang Ji, Custom Tong); One view is that Fuxifei, Shennong and Zhu Rong (White Tiger Tong); There is also a saying that Fuxi, Shennong and Suiren (White Tiger Tong). Suiren is definitely after Fuxi and Shennong. Because according to China folklore, since Fuxi, the great court's king has the world; After Fuxi, there were Bai Huangshi, Zhong Zhong Shi, Li Lu Shi, Li Lian Shi, Xushi He, Zunjie Shi, Zhu Rong Shi, Chaos Shi, Hao Ying Shi, You Chao Shi, Ge Tianshi, Yin Kang Shi, Zhu Xiang Shi, Wu Huai Shi, and Sui Ren Shi, all of which attacked Xi Xi Shi (the family of Zhu Xiang).
corpse: "when you look up at the stars, you think it's fire when you look down at five trees." According to the five elements of yin and yang, fire is born in wood, so people use wood to make fire. "History of the Road" says that embarrassing people are observing the dry elephant, observing the heart and getting out of the fire, and making embarrassment. "Chen Xin" is called "Xin Su" according to the ancients, that is, "Big Mars". The so-called "five-wood" refers to five kinds of wood that were thought to be suitable for fire in the right time. That is, "Yu; Liu Qing, so spring takes it; Jujube: apricot is red, so it is taken in summer; Sang: Zhehuang, so The Last Month Of Summer took it; Tussah: (wood chieftain) is white, so it is taken in autumn; Sophora japonica; Tan black, so take it in winter. "
After a man made a flint drill, his wood drilling tool was called flint, and later generations discovered that metal was used to make fire from the sun, so there were two kinds of flint and flint. "Huainanzi" notes: "When Yang Sui sees the sun, it burns into a fire. Yang Xiang, Jin Ye. The sun is three or four feet high, and if you hold on to the sun, you will get angry if you dry Ai Cheng's inch and have a moment. " "Notes on Ancient and Modern Times": "Yangsui is made of copper, which is shaped like a mirror. If you look at things, the scenery will fall and make a fire to the sun."
before the Han dynasty, it was called "open fire" to use yang Xiang to make fire, and "national fire" to use wood Xiang to make fire. According to "The Great Wish" and "The Great Scout" in "Zhou Li", Yangsui is taken from the sun and is close to the sky, so it is used for divination and sacrifice. Wood is taken from five trees and close to people, so it is used for cooking. After the Han Dynasty, when a metal struck a stone, it could also be rubbed into fire, so a simple piece of iron could become a yang sui. As soon as people go out, they usually wear Yang Xiang and Mu Xiang on the left side of their waists to make a fire at any time. In addition, there is tinder made of moxa and saltwater. When sparks fall on the tinder and burn by friction, the fire is ignited by "lighting candles". The so-called "hair candle" is a small piece made of peeled hemp straw, which is five or six inches long and flows with sulfur at the first, and burns when it meets fire.
when there is a fire, there is a stove. The person who created the stove said that it was Emperor Yan, and Huainanzi: "Emperor Yan died of fire as a stove." Note: "Yandi Shennong ruled the world with fire and died in the kitchen god." One is the yellow emperor: "the beginning of the continuation": "the stove was placed by the yellow emperor." So "Things will be the original" said: "The Yellow Emperor cooks and dies as a kitchen god." And Vulcan, generally speaking, is Zhu Rong. Huainanzi? Note: "Zhu Rong Ng Wui, for Gao Xin's fire, died as Vulcan, and put his hand on the stove." Historical Records? Chu Family: "Dong Li lived in the fire for Di Ku Gaoxin, and he made great contributions. He was able to melt into the world, and Di Ku called him' Zhu Rong'." "The Book of Rites Moon Order": "The moon in Meng Xia, its emperor Yan Di, its god Zhu Rong, its sacrificial stove, sacrifices to the teacher." The original shape of the stove was digging holes in the ground. Today, the stove excavated from Banpo site in Xi 'an is a double-connected stove, that is, two fire pits dug on the surface. The two pits are separated on the surface, while the two pits are connected underground. One pit is the place where firewood enters, the other is the place where people leave, and the hole where the two pits are connected is the stove door. Banpo in Xi 'an has a history of six or seven thousand years, and its inventor should be Emperor Yan rather than Yellow Emperor. It is estimated that the time when the Yellow Emperor was in power was about 4,6 years ago. Emperor Yan passed on the seventieth generation before the Yellow Emperor, which is about six or six thousand years ago. By the Warring States period, the production of stoves was perfect. "Zeng Lianzi" notes: "One stove has five protrusions (protrusions: chimneys), and there are many people who divide cigarettes, and cooking is ten times."
When cooking with fire, the ancients immediately noticed the importance of heat for cooking. In ancient Chinese, it is the first time to talk about the importance of heat for cooking, which is "Lu Chunqiu?" This taste article ". Among them, Yi Yin told Shang Tang: "Water is the beginning of all tastes. Five flavors and three materials, nine boiling and nine changes, fire is the discipline. When you are sick, you will be slow, and you will win with it. The reconciliation must be sweet, sour, bitter, pungent and salty. How many times, its qi is very small, all of them have their own changes, subtle and micro-fiber, eloquent, and eloquent. If you shoot the slightest, the transformation of yin and yang, the number of four seasons. Put it for a long time without harm, cooked without rot, sweet without taste, sour without cool, successful without reduction, pungent without strong, light without thin, fat without [moon]. " The main idea of this passage translated into vernacular is: water is the first thing in all tastes. Cooking is based on the five flavors of sweet, sour, bitter, spicy and salty and Shui Mu fire. There will be nine kinds of changes when the pot boils nine times, which depends on fire to explore and adjust. Sometimes with strong fire, sometimes with slow fire, the key to remove fishy smell, shame and smell is to master the heat. Only by mastering the law of using fire can we turn bad smell into fragrance. Seasoning must use the five flavors of sweet, sour, bitter, bitter and salty, but the sequence of seasoning and the amount of materials used are very subtle. The changes in the tripod are subtle and subtle, which is indescribable, and it is difficult to say clearly even if you know it. Just like shooting an arrow on a horse, you should practice your cooking skills to be handy. Such as the natural combination of yin and yang, such as the natural change of four seasons, the cooking skills can be cooked for a long time without defeat, cooked without rotting, sweet without being strong, sour without being astringent, pungent without being irritating, light without being tasteless, and fat without being greasy.
later, Yuan Mei devoted a section on the duration of cooking in the menu with the garden. He believes that the key to cooking food is to master the heat. Stir-frying must use strong fire, and if the firepower is insufficient, the fried things will be weak; You must use warm fire for stewing. If the fire is fierce, the stewed food will dry up. If you want to collect soup, you should use strong fire first, then warm fire. If you are impatient and keep using strong fire, the food will be burnt outside and cooked inside. He believes that kidneys and eggs are more tender when cooked; Fresh fish and clams will not be tender if they are cooked a little more. When the pork is cooked, it should be taken out of the pot, so that the color is ruddy and it will turn black when it is taken out of the pot later. If the fish is cooked late, the live meat will die. When cooking, the more times you open the lid, the more fragrant the dishes will be. If the fire is put out and then burned, the food will lose its oil and taste. Yuan Mei said, it is rumored that Taoist priests must go through nine cycles of transformation before they can be refined into the true elixir, while Confucianism is based on not overdoing it and trying hard to get home. A chef must master the cooking correctly and operate carefully, so as to basically master the cooking. The fish cooked by a chef who has mastered cooking should be as white as jade when eaten, and the meat is coagulated but not scattered. This kind of meat is live meat. If the color is as white as powder and loose but not sticky, it is dead meat.
The ancients believed that fire was divided into new fire and old fire. The charcoal fire, bamboo fire, grass fire and hemp gai (hemp Gai fire: fire burning with hemp roots) used for cooking meat with warm wine had different scents. In Fire, it lists all kinds of fires with all kinds of food to cook: "Mulberry firewood: cooking food is beneficial to people. Cooking old duck and meat can make it extremely rotten and can solve all the poisons. Dirty firewood is not suitable for food. Rice Spike Fire: When cooking and eating, people are fascinated by the five internal organs. Wheat ear fire: cooking and eating, quenching thirst and moistening throat, and facilitating urination. Loose firewood: cooking, strengthening bones and muscles, not cooking tea. Oak firewood: cook pork and eat it, without moving the wind, and cook chicken, duck, goose, fishy smell and other things rotten. Mao firewood: the cook eats and drinks, and the Lord detoxifies tomorrow. Reed fire and bamboo fire: all tonics should be decocted. Charcoal fire: it is advisable to fry tea, which is delicious but not turbid. Bran fire: rice bran fire cooking diet, supporting the ground stove, can support two pots, southerners use it more, and its cost is half that of firewood. When I was in the spring, there were people and insects in the chaff, which hurt my life. "
However, Jia Ming, a Yuan Dynasty man, told me in "Dietary Instructions": "It is better to use Yangsui fire beads, and take the sun as the real fire in the next day, and then stick a drill to make a fire." He believes that "it is not available to strike a stone with gold (that is, strike a flint with iron to make a fire) and drill a fire of eight trees." Eight-wood people: pine is difficult to heal (epidemic disease means: it is difficult to heal with pine fire), cypress fire hurts the spirit and sweat, mulberry fire hurts the muscles, zhe fire hurts the qi, jujube fire hurts the blood, orange fire hurts the channels and collaterals, elm fire hurts the bones, and bamboo fire hurts the muscles and eyes. "
Gu Yanwu also opposes using flint to make fire, thinking that using flint to make fire will affect life. However, he believes that the fire of wood should be taken according to the change of four seasons and five elements. He said: "people must take wood with fire, and there are four seasons and five elements." "Su Wen" Huang Diyan: Strong fire dissipates gas, and less fire is angry. Zhou Li: Ji Chun's fire is more valuable than his new one, which means less fire. Today, everything is taken from the stone, and it is violent and not suitable for people. There are many diseases and sputum, and the years of life have been reduced. "
the ancients called fire "the essence of yang". Records of the Last Five Elements: "Fire is the essence of yang, and fire inflammation." River map? Bian guang pian: "yang essence is scattered and distributed as fire." The ancients called man one of the five elements, thinking that he had spirit but no quality, and that he could kill everything, which was infinitely wonderful. The ancients believed that there were two unique fires in the five elements, and all others were only one. The so-called two means that fire can be divided into yin fire and yang fire. The ancients also divided fire into three types: sky fire, ground fire and human fire. They thought that there were four sky fires, five ground fires and three human fires. There are two fires in the sun; Sun, true fire; Star Genie, Fei Huo. There are two kinds of yin fire in the sky: dragon fire (called fire in Longkou) and thunder fire. There are three yang fires in the earth; The fire of drilling wood, the fire of hitting stone, and the fire of ending gold. There are two kinds of yin fire in the earth: oil fire (the ancients said that oil would naturally catch fire when stored in a certain amount) and water fire (the ancients called rivers and lakes and seas, and there was fire at night). There is one yang fire, Bing Ding Jun fire (that is, the so-called heart and small intestine are separated from fire), and there are two yin fires, namely, the fire of life and door (that is, starting from the North Sea, called the fire of fire, and marching the triple energizer to place the liver and gallbladder) and the fire of three flavors (pure yang, dry fire). Total * * * Yang fire six, Yin fire six, * * * twelve.
China's tools for making fire have always been very backward. For a long time, the original "hair candle" was always used, and in the Tang and Song Dynasties, a more exquisite "hair candle" made of pine was developed. "Talk on the Committee Lane": "Hangren cut pine into small pieces, which are as thin as paper and coated with sulfur, which is called' sending candles'." After the Song Dynasty, it was also called "fire inch". "Qing Yi Lu? Instruments ":"There is an emergency in the night, and it is hard to slow down the lights. A wise man approved the loose strips, dyed them with sulfur and set them aside for use. When you meet a fire, you will get a flame, that is, God's; Call' fire slave'. Nowadays, there are borrowers who have changed their names to "Fire Inch".
It is said that there was a workshop specializing in making "Fire Inch" in the Southern Song Dynasty. Therefore, the Japanese called matches "phosphorus inches" early. The inventor of matches is said to be Swedish. In 1833, they began to use yellow phosphorus as friction matches. However, yellow phosphorus is highly toxic and prone to spontaneous combustion, which is unsafe. In 1855, Rentas Tome invented the use of red phosphorus instead of yellow phosphorus, and there was a world from then on.