I. North-South reunification

1, the founding time of the Sui Dynasty: 58 1 Founder: Sui Wendi Sui Wendi's capital: Chang 'an.

2. The Sui Dynasty was unified in 589.

Thinking: Think about why the Sui Dynasty was reunified after the great division of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

(1) Sui Dynasty: Great ethnic integration in the north and great economic development in the south;

Long-term separatist regime, the people are eager for reunification;

Sui made full preparations for destroying Chen, and used strategy and tactics properly.

(2) Chen Dynasty: the corruption of Nan Chen regime;

Chen Houzhu is very arrogant.

The significance (influence, function) of the unification of the Sui Dynasty (the role of the Sui Dynasty in the history of China)

(1) ended the nearly 300-year separatist regime since the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty (the same as that of the Qin Dynasty)

(2) Created a series of new systems.

(3) The Grand Canal, a world-famous large-scale water conservancy project, was dug.

(4) It laid a solid foundation for the unprecedented prosperity of Sui and Tang Dynasties (connecting the preceding with the following)

Second, "the rule of opening the emperor"

Ruling measures of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty:

① Reform the system, ② Develop production, ③ Attach importance to government.

During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the country was unified and stable, the people's burden was light, and the economy was prosperous and developed, which was called "the rule of opening the emperor" in history.

Third, the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty.

1, the purpose of digging: to strengthen the north-south traffic; Consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.

2. Overview: With Luoyang as the center, it reaches Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south, with a total length of four or five kilometers.

Blank (figure)

3. Importance:

(1), with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers, is the longest canal in the ancient world, reflecting the hard work and creativity of working people in China.

(2) Political, economic and cultural exchanges between North and South have been greatly strengthened. Become a hub to communicate the "Silk Road" in the inland of Asia and the "Silk Road" at sea.

(3) It has promoted the development of towns and industries in coastal areas.

4. Assessment:

Positive aspects: significance

Negative aspects: it consumes a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources, and brings a heavy burden to the working people.

5. The nearly 400 years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the unification of Sui Dynasty is the longest division since the formation of a unified country.

6. Suez Canal: The voyage between Europe and America, the Indian Ocean coast and the west Atlantic coast has been greatly shortened.

Panama Canal: The voyage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean has been greatly shortened.

7. Compare the similarities between Qin Dynasty and Sui Dynasty:

(1) put an end to the separatist situation in China and achieved national reunification.

(2) They formulated many important systems, which had a great influence in history.

(3) Important projects have been completed. (4) There are only two emperors, and their existence time is short.

(5) People rebelled because of tyranny.

8. The demise of the Sui Dynasty: Due to the tyranny of Yang Di, the Grand Canal accelerated the demise of the Sui Dynasty.

Lesson 2 "The Rule of Zhenguan"

First, the establishment of the Tang Dynasty.

1. Reasons for the demise of the Sui Dynasty:

Large-scale construction (building Luoyang) and several foreign wars (three Koreas) are cruel and cruel.

2. Overview: 6 18 Founding Emperor: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan Capital: Chang 'an.

Second, the rule of Zhenguan.

1. Definition: During the period of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, there was a scene of prosperity, and the national strength gradually became stronger.

2. Reason: Form

3. Contents:

Politically, teachers should be open-minded, reuse talents and improve the system of three provinces and six departments.

Economically, reform the tax system and ignore taxes (reducing the number of days of people's labor service can also be replaced by physical objects)

Culturally improve the imperial examination system

Legally amend the law and relax the criminal law.

Close ethnic relations and relations with ethnic minorities

1, talents used by Emperor Taizong: Fang and Du Ruhui.

2, in the book province for the emperor to draft government decrees, door province is responsible for the audit, ministers province execution.

draw

3. A Brief Introduction to the Laws of the Tang Dynasty is the earliest existing complete code in China, which has exerted great influence on Asian countries.

4. Zhenguan Politicians is a book that records the achievements of Emperor Taizong and discusses the gains and losses of ancient and modern times with Wei Zhi.

5. Evaluate Emperor Taizong

Emperor Taizong was an outstanding politician in ancient China. form

However, it must also be pointed out that as a feudal emperor, Emperor Taizong also exploited and oppressed the people. In his later years, his arrogance and hedonism gradually grew.

Lesson 3 Brilliant Prosperity

First, Wu Zetian consolidated her rule.

1, strengthen centralization: ① reuse cruel officials and use terrorist policies;

(2) The genealogy of Zhenguan in the early Tang Dynasty was changed to the surname;

(3) Further develop the imperial examination system and create imperial examinations and martial arts.

2. agriculture; Attach importance to agricultural production and reduce the burden on farmers.

Reducing the burden on farmers and vigorously developing agricultural production are known as "the legacy of Zhenguan" and "opening the century to govern macro Zhenguan"

Second, the prosperity of Kaiyuan

Tang Xuanzong's performance;

(1) appointing talents (Yao Chong) (2) attaching importance to official management (3) advocating frugality (4) reforming military, financial and grain transportation systems.

Kaiyuan Shengshi: In the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the political situation was stable and the economy was prosperous, which was called "Kaiyuan Shengshi" in history. (In the heyday of feudal society)

Third, the prosperity of the prosperous economy.

1 agriculture

(1) Improvement of farm tools: Qu Yuan's plough and trolley.

(2) the development of tea production

The world's first monograph on tea, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The author Lu Yu was called "Tea God" by later generations.

2, handicraft industry

(1) Silk industry: Shu brocade is the most famous.

(2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang tricolor.

(3) Metallurgical industry

3. Population: more than 3 million in the early Tang Dynasty to 6,543,800+million in Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.

Fourth, the territory of the Tang Dynasty.

Five, the order of several emperors in the Tang Dynasty:

Tang Gaozu-Emperor Taizong-Tang Gaozong-Wu Zetian-Tang Xuanzong

The fourth lesson is the establishment of the imperial examination system

First, the imperial examination system

1. Background: Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, most officials have been selected from the children of powerful people.

2. Definition: the system of selecting officials through examinations of different subjects, emphasizing the principle of selecting officials with talents as the standard.

3. Classification: Jinshi (policy topic: to investigate the ability to govern political affairs for the purpose of solving practical social problems)

Four Books of Ming Dynasty (Reciting Confucian Classics): University, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects of Confucius and Mencius.

Five Classics: Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period.

Character contribution

Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to select officials in the birth stage by means of subject examination.

Yang Di officially established the Jinshi branch, and the imperial examination system was formally born.

Emperor Taizong expanded the scale of Chinese studies and increased the number of examinees.

Wu Zetian added palace entrance examination and martial arts.

Tang Xuanzong's poems and fu became the main contents of the Jinshi in the examination.

(greatly conducive to the prosperity of Tang poetry)

The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1000 years in China, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty.

Third, the influence of the imperial examination system.

Fourth, clothing, food, housing and transportation are fashionable.

1, the wind of drinking tea swept across the country in the Tang Dynasty, and tea became a necessity. The world's first monograph on tea, Tea Classic, was written by Lu Yu in Tang Dynasty. Later, people called Lu Yu "Tea God".

2. In the Tang Dynasty, horse riding became common and interesting, and it became fashionable for women to wear men's clothes and military uniforms.

Lesson 5 "Family Harmony"

First, "Tiankhan"

1, Turkic: Emperor Taizong set up a viceroy, appointed Turkic nobles to manage it, and preserved the original national customs.

The leaders of all ethnic groups in the northwest revered Emperor Taizong as "Tiankhan". (acclaimed Emperor Taizong as their monarch)

2. Why did Emperor Taizong win the support of ethnic minorities?

(1) Change the concept of cheap and barbarism in our country and strive to treat ethnic minorities equally.

(2) Respect the national habits and lifestyles of ethnic minorities and appoint people from their own ethnic groups to manage them.

(3) Emperor Taizong was kind to others.

Second, Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng

1, Tibetan customs and habits

① Living area: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the ancestor of Tibetans.

2. Princess Wencheng entered Tibet (Emperor Taizong)

The reason why Songzan Gambu proposed to the Tang Dynasty: He highly admired the culture of the Central Plains.

Yan's "Travel Map" depicts the scene when Emperor Taizong received Song Zan Gambu, the envoy, to propose to the Tang Dynasty.

What is the significance of the relationship between Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu?

(1) has greatly promoted the economic and cultural development and progress in Tibet.

(2) It laid the foundation for the close communication between Han and Tibet.

3. Princess Jincheng entered Tubo and married Kridê Zukzain (Tang Zhongzong).

Kridê Zukzain listed Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and it was "the sum of one family" with Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.

In Tang Muzong, Tang Fan's "Nie Jiu Meng Hui Monument" became a historical witness of the unity and friendship between China and Tibet.

Third, Diancangshan Alliance.

With the support of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Piluoge, the leader of Nanzhao, unified six imperial edicts and was named "King of Yunnan", with Taihe City (Dali, Yunnan) as its capital.

Fourth, the ethnic minorities around the Tang Dynasty.

The relationship between the nation and the Tang Dynasty: the ancestor of any nation today

Tudu Prefecture was set up in Turkey, managed by Turkish nobles, and the Mongols kept their original national habits and lifestyles.

Tubo Songzan Gambu married Princess Wencheng and Kridê Zukzain married Princess Jincheng. right

Xuanzong of Nanzhao Tang Dynasty named Piluoge "King of Yunnan". Yi and Bai nationalities

7. Name of national leader: Xiongnu-Khan Turk, Uighur-Khan Tubo-Zamba.

Lesson 6 Friendly Exchange with Foreign Countries

First, the friendly exchanges between Tang Dynasty and Japan.

1, sent to Tang Dynasty (Abe Central Ma Lu)

2. Jian Zhen Du Dong

3. Tang Wenhua's influence on Japan: It has had a far-reaching impact on Japan's production, life and social development.

Second, the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu (Xuanzang's Journey to the West)

Xuanzang was the first person who systematically recorded the Buddhism, history, geography, customs and customs of Tianzhu and introduced them to China. Datang xiyu Ji

3. What are the reasons for the frequent foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty?

1. The prosperity, prosperity and progress of the Tang Dynasty have great attraction to all countries in the world.

2. The relatively open policy of the Tang Dynasty

3. Developed external transportation. You can reach many countries and regions in Asia, Africa and Europe by land and sea. )

Fourth, the capital Chang 'an.

Chang 'an, Tang Dou is a domestic political, economic and cultural center, an international metropolis and the largest city in the world at that time. Urban architecture is divided into three parts: Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. (Miyagi: the place where the emperor lived; Imperial city: the place where all departments of the central government work) Dongcheng and Xicheng are the two major business districts in Chang 'an. (Business hours of the two cities: 12 noon to half a day before sunset. )

China people are called Tang people, which shows that the Tang Dynasty was powerful and had great influence on foreign countries.

Lesson 7 and Lesson 8 Brilliant Sui and Tang Cultures

Four great inventions of ancient china: Papermaking, printing, gunpowder and compass. Printing and gunpowder were invented in the Tang Dynasty.

First of all, the invention of block printing

1, in Sui and Tang Dynasties, woodblock printing was invented. A kind of printed matter-printed paper, which is used as transaction voucher, has appeared in the market. Chengdu and Luoyang are famous printing centers.

Diamond Sutra in 2.868

The earliest printed matter with exact date in existence in the world. It is nearly 600 years earlier than Europe (1423).

Second, gunpowder.

1, invented by an ancient alchemist when refining Dan medicine. Sun Simiao recorded the formula of gunpowder for the first time in his book Single Crystal.

2. At the end of Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in military affairs. The original gunpowder weapon was called "rocket", also called "Fei Huo".

Third, superb architectural level.

Zhao Zhouqiao 1 (Anji Bridge)

Designer: Li Chun and Zhao Zhouqiao in Sui Dynasty are the oldest stone arch bridges in the world. The design of Zhao Zhouqiao initiated the construction of flat arch bridge in the world. More than 700 years before Europe.

Fourth, the eternal glory of poetry

The characteristics of the poet's representative works

Li Bai's "Early Making Baidicheng" and "Difficult Road to Shu" are bold and imaginative. Immortal poet

Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" reflect the social reality. Poet saint

1, most emperors in the Tang Dynasty loved poetry, and the Jinshi exam also took poetry as an important content, which was conducive to the prosperity of Tang poetry.

2. Du Fu personally experienced the changes from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and linked his personal experience with the fate of the country and people.

3. Bai Juyi said that Li Bai and Du Fu's poems were "passed down through the ages, claiming to move four foreigners". Han Yu said: "Du Li's article is there, and the flames are getting longer." .

Verb (abbreviation of verb) sculpture art

Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes excavated in Sui and Tang Dynasties are mainly Buddhist stories, which is one of the largest art treasures in the world.

Vi. Grand and festive music and dance

Famous songs and dances include Song of the King of Qin, which praised Tang Taizong, and Colorful Clothes, which was written by Tang Xuanzong.

1, Grottoes Art: Datong, Shanxi-Yungang Grottoes; Luoyang, Henan-Longmen Grottoes; Dunhuang-Mogao Grottoes in Gansu Province

2. The images of Dunhuang murals are vivid, especially the "flying" pattern, which was praised as "flying in the sky and the wall is full of wind" in the Tang Dynasty and became the symbol of Dunhuang murals.

1, Qin Dynasty is similar to Sui Dynasty 2, Tang Dynasty is similar to Western Han Dynasty 3, Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty are similar to Western Jin Dynasty and Eastern Jin Dynasty.

(the establishment of the royal family in the previous dynasty)

Liao, Xixia and Northern Song Dynasty coexist.

An Shi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. In 907, the Tang Dynasty was destroyed by the buffer region.

First, Liao, Song and Xixia coexist.

1, the rise of Khitan

(1) Living custom in Qidan: Living in the upper reaches of Liaohe River, mainly nomadic, and gradually having a farming life.

(2) The establishment of the Khitan State:

2. The establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty

(1) Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty: In late 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi. (Chen Qiao mutiny, yellow robe added)

(2) Northern Song Dynasty and Qidan: ① Northern Song Dynasty Northern Expedition: In order to recapture the area occupied by Liao (sixteen states of Youyun), it was defeated and turned to a passive defense policy of "defending the inner space and outer space".

(2) Khitan invasion to the south: 1004, the Liao army attacked the Song Dynasty on a large scale, arrived in Ganzhou, and Tokyo was threatened. Kou Zhun, the prime minister, fought the main battle, while Song Zhenzong personally bid, and the Liao army's attack was frustrated. 1005, the two sides entered into an agreement, which was called the alliance of single sources in history. Since then, cross-strait peaceful exchanges 100 years.

(3) The contents of the Temple Alliance: ① Both sides withdraw their troops and defend their sides; The Northern Song Dynasty gave Liao silver, silk and other money and things every year, which was called "ancient coins".

(4) Evaluation of the Temple Alliance: It was a humiliating peace negotiation for the Northern Song Dynasty, which increased the burden of the people in the Northern Song Dynasty, but it was the product of the balance of power in Song and Liao Dynasties. The two sides have maintained a relatively peaceful situation for more than 100 years, and their economy and culture have shown a prosperous situation.

3. Peace War between Northern Song Dynasty and Xixia

Peace talks between Song and Xixia: ① Xixia surrendered to Song; (2) Old coins given to Xixia in Song Dynasty; The two sides trade at the border.

Second, the integration in the collision (national integration)

(1) Appreciating cultivation and learning agriculture (2) Imitating the Central Plains Dynasty to establish a political system (3) Xixia also imitated the structure of Chinese characters; Create Xixia characters, translate and print a large number of Central Plains classics and Buddhist scriptures; Casting coins with Chinese characters

The establishment of political power, nation and capital.

Liao Dynasty/Liaohe/Laoning Province/Liaoyuan/Taishi

Qidan 9 16 Liao Taizu Abaoji went to Beijing.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, in 960, Bianjing and Tokyo (now Kaifeng) in Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu.

XiXia

Xixia script 165438+ Li Yuanhao Xingqing in the early 20th century.

Jin Nuzhen 65438+ Jin Taizu Yan Hong Akuta Huining in early 2002, and then moved to Zhongdu.

Han nationality in Southern Song Dynasty 1 127 Lin 'an, Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong (now Hangzhou)

1, Emperor Taizong of Liao carried out the policy of "controlling Han with Han" to protect and develop the advanced civilization in the Central Plains.

2. Monopoly market: border trade places set up by ancient countries in China for taxation.

North-South Confrontation in Song and Jin Dynasties

1, 1 1 15, akuta () established the Jin regime with Huining as its capital.

2. "Jingkang Change": Jingkang is the year number of Song Qinzong. 1 127, more than 3,000 people, including Song Huizong, Song Qinzong and his empresses, were captured by the Jin army, and a large number of precious possessions, such as court ceremonies, maps of countries around the world, ancient books, astronomical instruments and musical instruments, were taken away, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.

3. The establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty: 1 127, Zhao Gou (Song Gaozong) proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan), and later made Lin 'an his capital.

4. Yue Fei and Han Shizhong were famous generals who resisted gold at that time. Because the army led by Yue Fei is brave and disciplined, it is deeply loved by the people and is called "Yue Jiajun".

5, 1 140, Yancheng War, Southern Song Dynasty VS Jin.

6. The significance of the struggle against gold led by Yue Fei and others: it effectively curbed the predatory war launched by the rulers of the Jin Dynasty and made the southern region relatively stable, which was in line with the interests of the people at that time.

7. Anti-Jin Sanxia: Li Gang, Yue Fei and Han Shizhong (don't call them national heroes).

8. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the anti-Jin rebels spontaneously organized by the northern people were mainly the Eight-character Army led by Wang Yan.

9. Shaoxing Peace Talks: 1 14 1 year.

The Southern Song Dynasty surrendered to Jin, ceded part of the land and gave Jin Nian coins. The confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties took shape.

10, the Jin dynasty changed the custom of nuzhen (national integration)

(1) objective: to adapt to the management of highly developed agricultural areas.

(2) Content: Imitating the official system reform in the Southern Song Dynasty, a set of centralized administrative institutions was established.

Vigorously develop agriculture, handicrafts and commerce.

Encourage intermarriage with the Han nationality and move closer to the Han nationality in life customs.

1 1, Yang Jiajiang resisted Liao (Northern Song Dynasty, Liao); Yue Fei resisted Jin (Southern Song Dynasty, Jin); Wen Tianxiang's Resistance to Yuan Dynasty (Southern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty)

12, "Castle Peak is fortunate to bury loyal bones, while white iron casts innocent courtiers" reflects the people's reverence for Yue Fei and hatred for treacherous court officials.

13 * * Similarities between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty: ① Give lucky money to ethnic minorities (both should be given gold); (2) Both Song Dynasties: Jin and Xixia.

(3) It has been eliminated by ethnic minorities.

The shift of economic center of gravity to the south

First of all, the economic center of gravity moved south:

1, starting from: Wu in the Three Kingdoms period (Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties); The final completion was in the Southern Song Dynasty.

2. The proverb "Suzhou and Lake are ripe, and the world is sufficient" shows that during the Song Dynasty, Taihu Lake Basin became the most important granary in China. At that time, the national economic center of gravity had shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin. (Sue: Suzhou, Lake: Huzhou)

3. Reason: (1) In order to escape the war, northerners moved to the south, bringing labor, technology and tools to the south.

(2) In the Northern War, the South was relatively stable.

(3) Superior natural conditions (fertile land and abundant rain)

(4) Southern rulers attach importance to agricultural production and water conservancy construction.

(5) the hard work of the people in the north and the south

Second, the economic development of the Song Dynasty.

Agriculture: ① the labor force has greatly increased (the population exceeds 100 million); ② Improvement of agricultural production tools and farming techniques; (Miao Ma's function: sitting on it saves energy than bending over to work, and can also speed up) ③ Farmland water conservancy has made great progress; ④ Introducing a new crop-Zhancheng Rice, the planting area expanded rapidly.

Handicraft industry: ① People call coal Carboniferous, and the coal output ranks first in the world.

At the same time, the quality and output of iron and copper have reached the advanced level in the world in metal smelting. The output of iron in Song Dynasty was roughly equivalent to the total output of 18C European countries.

③ The ceramic manufacturing industry has developed to a new stage and become the best-selling product in the world market.

(4) Handicraft industry in Song Dynasty had trademark and advertising consciousness.

Business:

① The rise of towns ② The appearance and use of paper money.

Overseas trade: ① There are three kinds of overseas trade in important ports: Fanfang, Fan Shi and Xue Fan; (2) The government has set up a special market shipping department to manage overseas trade; ③ The overseas trade in Song Dynasty was extensive, starting from Korea and Japan in the east, reaching the east coast of Arabia and Africa in the west, and reaching the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf in the west. Quanzhou was the largest port in China.

1. In the Song Dynasty, due to the popularity of high-quality rice varieties, rice gradually jumped to the top of grain output.

2. There were five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, and Jingdezhen, the most famous porcelain capital, rose during the Jingdezhen period in the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, paper money such as Huizi and Guan Zi were very popular.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, coal was not only used for smelting iron and making porcelain, but also used in the capital Tokyo.

5. Overseas trade was very prosperous in Song Dynasty.

Material problems:

Suzhou and Shanghai have mature materials and the world is full.

The second material is the foundation of the country, for example, the southeast.

(1) Where does the word "Su Hu" in the material 1 refer to? What are the main local food crops?

Rice in Suzhou and Huzhou

(2) When did the phenomenon in Material 2 finally appear?

Southern Song Dynasty

(3) What historical phenomena do the two materials * * * illustrate?

The economic center of gravity is in the south, and the south has surpassed the north.

(4) What are the reasons for this phenomenon? (Reasons for the shift of economic center of gravity to the south)

6. Party: residential area; City: business district. Fang was separated in the Tang Dynasty, but in the Northern Song Dynasty, the boundary between Fang and market was broken, and morning market and night market appeared.

7. Reasons for the emergence of paper money: the prosperity of commerce and the prosperity of domestic and foreign trade.

The significance of paper money: it is light and easy to carry, which is conducive to the prosperity of business; This is a great progress in the history of world currency development.

8. "Warm wind makes tourists drunk and makes Hangzhou a state." The main purpose of this poem is to satirize the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty.