1. transliteration: when people's names, place names and some new concepts can't be expressed in the native language, they can all be introduced into the target language by transliteration, such as [Chinese-English translation] kowtow (Kowtow) and litchi (Litchi); 6.engine (engine), motor (motor), sofa (sofa) and logic (p > 2. Literal translation: paper tiger, lose face, Seeing is believing. ) Out of mind, out of sight. (Out of sight, out of mind) < P > 3. Adaptation: The so-called "adaptation" refers to the translation of transliteration or literal translation. In the "adaptation method" of translation, the translator always tries to keep the characteristics of the original language as much as possible, on the other hand, he hopes that the meaning of the translation will be clear and clear to the readers.
For example, the Chinese idiom "teach an axe to teach others" can be translated into this is like showing off one's profitability with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter, in which "Lu Ban the master carpenter" becomes "Lu Ban the master carpenter". Otherwise, foreign readers who don't know the allusions will be at a loss. Such translations are common in English translation, such as chocolate, opium, golf, rifle, nylon and so on.
4. Free translation method: It is a common and effective method to fill the lexical and semantic gaps in the language. If a language concept is translated only by words in different language forms with the same meaning in the target language, it means that there is a "vacancy" in the form of the target language. For example, there are many words and the concept of thinking represented by these words, which only existed in one language at first. When introducing these words or concepts into another language, we can adopt phonetic translation, literal translation and free translation, and the free translation can conform to the norms of the target language in terms of pronunciation, grammar and semantics, so it is most acceptable to readers. For example, when loanwords such as communism, democracy, and proletariat become "* * * materialism", "democracy" and "proletariat", it can be said that the first result is free translation. At the same time, because of "* * * productism" and "proletarians", they are completely formed by Chinese word-formation materials according to our Chinese word-formation rules. Therefore, this kind of free translation is just a reference to a concept.