During the Song Dynasty, driven by technological improvements and the tenancy system, agricultural production developed significantly; the handicraft industry had a detailed division of labor, advanced technology, and its products were famous throughout history; the level of commodity economy exceeded that of the past, and cities and towns Prosperity, currency circulation expanded, and the earliest paper money was born.

The culture of the Song Dynasty made unprecedented progress, with fruitful achievements in the fields of Neo-Confucianism, literature, history, art, and science and technology. Outstanding figures such as Er Cheng, Zhu Xi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, and Shen Kuo have enjoyed eternal reputations; while movable type printing, The invention and application of the compass and gunpowder have made outstanding contributions to mankind.

The Song Dynasty was the most prosperous dynasty among all the Chinese dynasties, with the most developed economy, the most prosperous national culture, the most scientific and technological innovations, the largest population base growth, the healthiest crop yield per unit area, the highest people's living standards, and the most prosperous dynasty. If you don't I believe that I will introduce you to a dream-like Song Dynasty. Let us dream back to the Song Dynasty together: 1. It has long been a historical conclusion that the Song Dynasty was economically developed. Other dynasties "suppressed business", but the Song Dynasty was the only exception. Zhao Jianyin, the Taizu of the early Song Dynasty, said: " The fields and houses in Duojijin City are used to enjoy the rest of the world with their descendants, singers and dancers." In order to enrich the people, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty also called it "the two systems to discuss the richness of government." When Shenzong was in power, he "especially managed finances first" to make the public The idea of ??attaching importance to economics before political affairs has always been carried out in the Song Dynasty. This is a very important prerequisite for ensuring economic development. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, officials studied how to manage finances and seek wealth. The Song Dynasty adjusted the tradition of emphasizing criminal law and neglecting civil law in the legislation of previous dynasties. The practice was specialized in studying and implementing monopoly laws such as the Salt Law, Liquor Law, Tea Law and other laws. The Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of economic legislation in ancient China. Moreover, the economic laws of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic actors in line with the commodity economy. The laws and regulations are very scientific. These correct policy orientations have made commerce prosperous, commerce has developed rapidly, and handicrafts have developed rapidly. The Song Dynasty created the world's earliest banknotes (Jiaozi). This is unique! Even banks can make loans and make payments in other places. From a modern point of view, it is a very advanced economic management system. In terms of geography, the development of the Song Dynasty was not only limited to old areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan. Even the social economy and culture of mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas had greater development than that of the Tang Dynasty. It is also very surprising to see from the handicraft industry that mines, tea, salt, shipbuilding, paper, sugar, textiles and porcelain are all more advanced than those of the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the expansion of production areas and the increase in output, the handicraft industry of the Song Dynasty also has very obvious technological improvements, such as "Tangbing" (rock sugar). The sophistication of Song porcelain's production technology, such as the digging of "single wells", all reflected the maturity and innovation of technology. The rise of commerce and handicrafts liberated a large number of farmers who were captives of the land and made them invest in commercial handicrafts. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of farmers had begun to invest in it. Minerals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal were mined, and the earliest manufacturing factories and processing factories in the world's history appeared all over the country, such as shipyards, paper mills, printing factories, weaving factories, firearms factories, and official kilns in various places, etc. It can be seen that the prosperity of the handicraft industry at that time was unprecedented. of! As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China already knew how to burn coal and make steel. The large-scale handicraft industry employed hundreds of full-time industrial workers, while the government's two military industries employed 8,000 workers - this is already a heavy industry scale! The steel industry in North China had an annual output of 1.25 million tons in 1078 as an example, while the United Kingdom had an annual output of only 76,000 tons in 1788, the beginning of the industrial revolution. In addition, the mining, metallurgy, paper making, and porcelain silk making industries The weaving and seaweaving industry was also highly developed. The Song Dynasty was worthy of being a "high-tech" home before modern times, and was the overlord of the world's handicraft industry at that time! From a commercial perspective, cities in the Tang Dynasty tended to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tended to be industrial and commercial. In the Tang Dynasty, the trading areas in the city were strictly controlled by officials. In the Song Dynasty, there was more freedom. Due to the further development of the commodity economy and the breakthrough of the "fang system" in the city, the rise of market towns, the boundaries between residential areas and commercial areas gradually disappeared. In the Song Dynasty, this type of " Some of the new "cities" have developed to a very large scale. For example, Kaifeng and Hangzhou have reached a population of one million. The latter is the "unprecedented" city that "Marco Polo" saw in the early Yuan Dynasty. Even by the late Yuan Dynasty, it was the largest city outside China. It is "Baghdad" with a population of only between 300 and 500,000. Hundreds of years later, the Arab traveler Ibn. Beituta also calls Hangzhou "the largest city in the world"! The number of people engaged in industry and commerce has gradually increased, output has increased, and investment capital has expanded significantly. Therefore, it is not just agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has exceeded that of agriculture. Copperplate-printed advertisements also appeared in its commercial operations, which were more than three hundred years earlier than Western capitalist advertisements. For example, Su Dongpo, a bachelor, once made an advertisement for an old woman who made oily food.

What is even more interesting is that the Song Dynasty also saw the emergence of "tabloids" that were similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademark in history. The trademark was Xiaoke, which was of great significance. This marked the gradual improvement of the commercialization system of the Song Dynasty. In addition, the famous scholar Shen Kuo wrote "Currency" The theory of velocity of circulation gt; also reached the level of modern monetary theory. The powerful commercial wave of the Song Dynasty was also the matrix of the earliest emergence of capitalism in the world. The rapid economic development of the Song Dynasty created unprecedented wealth and prosperity 2. Cultural brilliance, material life, abundance, spiritual pursuit of change The Song Dynasty became more and more urgent. As the economy developed, the Song Dynasty also had strong cultural needs. The people's leisure life, aesthetic taste, and life interests all contributed to the high cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty. Poems, lyrics, songs, acrobatics, drama, folk music, novels, calligraphy, architecture and other arts developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of literati and poets appeared in the Song Dynasty who were famous in history. The most well-known ones are Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Zhun Kou, Fan Zhongyan, Wang An, Shi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu Xi, Li Qingzhao and other scholars. Even now, their elegance and luster are still undiminished. Among the eight great masters of the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty accounted for six, which shows how dazzling the glory of its culture was! There are countless calligraphers. The four most famous calligraphers include Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to impress calligraphers. We are amazed that even the "big traitor" Qin Hui can learn to write well and dance well. If he is an upright person, he must also be a calligrapher and writer, not to mention Yue Fei and other literary and military heroes! Because of the flourishing of culture, everyone in the two Song Dynasties also Divided into north and south: There were four great sages in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, You Miao, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao (Confucianists) in the Northern Song Dynasty. There were three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi and Lu Zuqian. It was precisely because of the vigorous development of Song culture that the Song Dynasty was completed." The "Renaissance of Confucianism" gave birth to New Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism), which brought the traditional "Confucian classics" into a new stage of "Song learning" and promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. It has reached its heyday, so it has Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan music, etc. and is known as Ci poetry. It is one of the representatives of Song Dynasty culture and one of the pioneers. To study the culture of Song Dynasty, we must first understand its Ci poetry. The most representative one is Su Shi's "When Will the Bright Moon Come?" " Almost everyone knows this word, and everyone knows it. Even ordinary children can sing two sentences of the whole word. It is elegant and makes people feel like they are in a fairyland and alone in the world. It is lonely and full of sadness. It can be said to be the pinnacle of the song "Tune the Water". The advantages of the name form are brought to the extreme! "Jiangchengzi? Hunting in Mizhou" is also written by him, and other poets have also achieved great results. Even female poets such as Li Qingzhao are not uncommon. Women are good at writing and have reached such a level. Li Qingzhao is the only one in the Song Dynasty throughout the ages. I will not be able to list all the poets of the Song Dynasty one by one in the next day. If I continue to list them, I will only count the "ci" culture of the Song Dynasty. Let's take the "Complete Song Ci" as an example. The book contains more than 1,300 poets. Nearly 20,000 poems and poems were given to Kong Fanli's "Complementary Collection of Song Ci". On the basis of the original, more than 400 poems were written by hundreds of poets. This is enough to reflect the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty. It also reflects that Ci is worthy of the Song Dynasty. The representative of culture is enough to show the joy and vitality of Song culture! "Poetry" is the essence of ancient Chinese literature. In the Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "poetry" was raised to a new level, a more popular level, and a freer metrical level. Although the Song Dynasty was the heyday of "ci", it was also a period of "poetry". "This is a country where we have had the most exposure to the poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties, whether in elementary school, middle school, university or even graduate school. The poetry of the Song Dynasty is the continuation, redevelopment and breakthrough of the poetry of the Tang Dynasty. The poets of the Song Dynasty have a wider range of poems and richer types and forms of poetry. In the Song Dynasty, the poetry reached a rich level. The number of poems created is unprecedented. I know that Peking University is compiling the "Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty". According to preliminary statistics, the number of authors included is no less than 9,000, four times that of "The Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty"! In terms of the number of individual poems, the individual with the largest number of poems was born in the Song Dynasty. Let us always remember the name of this man who cared about the country and the people. He is ----- Lu You. You still have

Remember the great poet’s death wish for national rejuvenation? Do you remember his last words? If you have forgotten, then listen! "Wang Shibei set the Central Plains in the Japanese family sacrifices and never forgets to tell Nai Weng." What simple words! The last words of a patriotic martyr. I didn't see the restoration of the country during my lifetime. I will hear this news after my death... My children, big Song Fuguozhi, you must not forget to tell your father this news when you are worshiping... It makes me sleep in peace... As I write this, I close my eyes and I don't know why I can't stop crying. Yes, I really shed tears. I shed tears and cried heartily, not only for the sorrow hidden in the "poetry", but also for the millions of patriots like Lu You, and especially for the ultimate fate of the Song Dynasty! (Haha, a large area of ??the keyboard is wet. After taking a break, you should cheer up and continue writing.) The poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties is a huge and inexhaustible treasure house. Poetry contains countless wealth of knowledge, but our knowledge and development of this treasure house are very limited. Can we not regret that there are so few resources? With so many potential resources waiting for us to develop, why should we not be tempted? I have talked about the four major calligraphers before. I won’t say much about calligraphy. The achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty are well known to the world. But who are the painters who emerged in the Song Dynasty? The most famous painters include Zhao Ji, Fan Kuan, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Guo Xi, Li Tang, Zhang Zeduan and other well-known painters in the art world. The painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival was written by Zhang Zeduan. Looking at the history of China, it is the non-Song Dynasty painting that most represents the highest artistic achievement of Chinese painting. There is no other landscape painting that can be as broad as a giant and sometimes as ethereal as a fairy. The artistic conception is as fluent as flowing clouds and as bold as flowing water. It can be said that landscape painters in the Song Dynasty came out in large numbers, each with their own strengths. For example, the Northern Song Dynasty painter Fan Kuan (famous for high mountains and snow scenes) and Xu Daoning ( Famous for woods, wild waters) Guo Xi (famous for depicting the subtle changes in wind, rain, light and darkness in the four seasons) Li Cheng (famous for Sai Linping's far-sightedness) Huichong Zhao Lingrang (famous for lyrical small scenes) Mi Fu, Mi Youren and his son (also known as The rich content of the paintings cannot be exhausted in words, and the poetic landscapes of Xia Gui, Mayuan and Li Tang of the Southern Song Dynasty reflect the continuous changes and development of landscape painting art. Together with Liu Songnian, they are known as the Four Ignorant Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty. There are also countless folk painters who are famous or living in seclusion. It can be seen that calligraphy and painting in the Song Dynasty have reached the pinnacle of artistic creation. In addition, the rise of vernacular scripts in the Song Dynasty also opened up a new era in the history of Chinese literature. It can be said that it pioneered the vernacular novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. And civilian culture also developed vigorously, such as shadow puppet plays, comedy, acrobatics, puppet plays, dramas, and so on. The economy developed rapidly and material life became more and more superior. The prostitution industry flourished. In the Song Dynasty, prostitutes were clearly divided into "merchant prostitutes". "Geisha", "vocal prostitute" and "official prostitute" are the four categories. Of course, one prostitute is not the other prostitute. Most of them do not sell themselves but only perform arts, and a considerable number of them are proficient in music, chess, calligraphy, painting, song and poetry. Some prostitutes can even start their own family, which is now Among the four types of geisha, the most talented and beautiful among the four types of geisha are the folk artists and the natural ones. The status of the official geisha is also very high. During the Song Dynasty, all the tea culture was also very tasteful and was prepared according to personal preferences. It is better to say that it is a taste of tea than a taste of bad drinks. Even the tea cups are divided into four kinds: black glaze, sauce glaze, celadon glaze, green glaze and white glaze. It can be seen that people in the Song Dynasty were also superior and enjoyed the enjoyment. In the Song Dynasty, there was also the style of tea fighting. Various petal teas were popular among the people. Huizong, the king of peddling, also introduced tea culture in twenty articles in "Daguan Tea Theory". It can be said that the tea culture of the Song Dynasty is a comprehensive expression of the elite culture and popular culture of ancient China. At the same time, wood carvings, bamboo carvings, lacquerware, tablets, stickers, seals, copperware, gold and silverware, teeth, horns, pens, inks, paper, inkstones, etc. all have extremely high attainments. These all show the superb and profound culture and art of the Song Dynasty! During the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty also created The "Song style" characters currently in use can be seen that its influence on writing has been profound. The history of the Song Dynasty has also undergone earth-shaking changes. The genres of historiography in the Song Dynasty have become diverse, with the rise of local chronicles and epigraphy (similar to

Archaeology) historical works are also extremely rich. Famous historians have emerged in large numbers, reaching the peak of the development of ancient Chinese historiography. China's earliest dictionary "Shuowen Jiezi" has long been lost after the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was also re-edited by the Xu Xuan brothers of the Song Dynasty. Scholars believe that it was established in New China. There have been three major climaxes in Chinese culture in the past: 1. The Hundred Schools of Thought in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; 2. The Cultural Revival in the Song Dynasty; 3. The "Four Movements"; the New Culture Movement. Chen Yinke once said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved over thousands of years and reached its peak in Zhao These comments are worthy of attention. Historian Toynbee (British) once said, "If I choose the Song Dynasty in China, I would like to live in it." Mr. Yu Qiuyu also said, "The dynasty I yearn for most is the Song Dynasty!" Even Deng Guangming once said, "The height of material civilization and spiritual civilization reached during the two Song Dynasties can be said to be unprecedented in the entire historical period of feudal society!" Yes, the culture of the Song Dynasty attracted countless scholars, and it was indeed an important factor in the entire feudal society. Unprecedented in history!