The economically developed Song Dynasty has basically become a * * * knowledge, and Fu Song has long been a historical conclusion. Therefore, I will briefly talk about why Fu Song adopted the policy of "suppressing business" in most dynasties in China history, except the Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Taizu Zhao Boxin said, "Accumulate more money, the city's farmland houses will be left to the descendants, and the singers and dancers will enjoy their years and enrich the people." Later, Song Taizong was also known as "making the two systems discuss politics well", and when Shenzong was in power, "managing money first" made people "managing money first". This idea of attaching importance to the economy has been running through the Song Dynasty, which is a very important prerequisite for ensuring economic development.
at the beginning of the song dynasty, officials studied how to manage money and get rich. The Song Dynasty adjusted the traditional practice of attaching importance to criminal law and neglecting civil law in the legislation of past dynasties, and specially studied and implemented monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law and tea law. The Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of economic legislation in ancient China, and the economic laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, conformed to the laws of commodity economy, and were very scientific laws and regulations. These correct policy orientations made the commercial tide flourish, the commerce and trade developed rapidly, and the handicraft industry developed rapidly, which made the Song Dynasty the earliest paper money (Jiaozi) bank in the world, which is unique! Even banks can make loans and pay in different places. Even in modern times, it is a very advanced economic management system. Geographically, the development of Song Dynasty was not limited to the established areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, but also the social, economic and cultural development of mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas was greater than that of Tang Dynasty, which was also surprising.
From the perspective of handicraft industry, the pit mining, tea salt, shipbuilding, paper making, sugar making, textile and porcelain making were all much more advanced than those in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to expanding the production area and increasing the output, the handicraft industry in the Song Dynasty also improved its technology remarkably. For example, the production technology of "sugar ice" (rock sugar), the excavation of "single well" and the sophistication of Song porcelain all reflect the maturity and innovation of technology. The rise of commerce and handicrafts liberated a large number of farmers who were captured in the land and put them into commerce and handicrafts. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron, coal and other mineral deposits began to be mined, and the earliest manufacturing factories and processing factories in the world history appeared all over the country, such as shipyards, paper mills, printing factories, weaving factories, firearms factories, and official kilns in various places, etc., which shows that the prosperity of handicrafts at that time was unprecedented!
As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, people in China knew how to burn coal and make steel. The large handicraft industry employed hundreds of full-time industrial workers, while the two military industries of the government employed 8, workers-this is already the scale of heavy industry! The average annual output of steel in the Song Dynasty reached 15, tons (some people think that the industrial base in North China in the Song Dynasty reached the level of 1.25 million tons per year, which is basically a wrong understanding, and most of it originated from the data in Sun Longji's "A Thousand Years Review of China-A Bird's Eye View of Global History" that "there are many sets of data about the steel output in the Song Dynasty". It has been verified that "15, tons" is more suitable among many data, while the annual output of Britain was only 76, tons in 1788, that is, at the beginning of the industrial revolution. In addition, mining and metallurgy, paper making, porcelain making, silk weaving and navigation are also highly developed, and the Song Dynasty is worthy of being the "high-tech" home before modern times in the world. It was also the overlord of handicraft industry in the world at that time!
From the commercial point of view, the cities in the Tang Dynasty tended to be administrative centers, while the towns in the Song Dynasty tended to be industrialized. The trade areas in the cities in the Tang Dynasty were strictly controlled by officials, while in the Song Dynasty they were more free. Due to the further development of commodity economy, the development of cities, the breakthrough of "Fang system" and the rise of market towns, the boundary between residential areas and commercial areas has gradually disappeared. Some of these "new" cities in the Song Dynasty developed to a large scale, such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou, with a population of one million, while the latter was an "unprecedented" city seen by Kyle Polo in the early Yuan Dynasty. Even in the late Yuan Dynasty, the largest city outside China was Baghdad, with a population of only 3, to 5,. Hundreds of years later, the Arab traveler Ibn? Betuta also called Hangzhou "the biggest city in the world"! The population engaged in industry and commerce is gradually increasing, the output is increasing, and the investment capital is greatly expanded. Therefore, it is not just agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue, and the proportion of industry and commerce has surpassed that of agriculture. And in its commercial operation, there are also advertisements printed on copper plates, which are more than 3 years earlier than those of western capitalism. Su Dongpo, a bachelor, once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil and made it prosperous.
More interestingly, in the Song Dynasty, there were "tabloids" similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademarks in history. Trademark is of great significance, which marks the gradual improvement of the commercialization system in Song Dynasty.
in addition, the famous scholar Shen Kuo's On the Velocity of Money Circulation has reached the level of modern monetary theory.
The prosperous commercial tide in the Song Dynasty was also the mother of the earliest capitalist sprout in the world, while the rapid economic development in the Song Dynasty created unprecedented wealth and prosperity.
2. Brilliant culture
The abundance of material life made the spiritual pursuit more and more urgent, so the Song Dynasty had a strong cultural need at the same time of economic development. The leisure life, aesthetic taste and life interest of the people all contributed to the high cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty. Poetry, songs, acrobatics, drama, folk music, novels, calligraphy, architecture, and other arts all developed at a high speed in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of famous literati and poets appeared in the Song Dynasty. Everyone is familiar with them, including Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu Xi and Li Qingzhao. Even now, these scholars are still in their prime, and their luster is not diminished. Among the eight most famous Tang and Song masters in ancient and modern China and abroad, the Song Dynasty accounted for as many as six, which shows how dazzling its cultural brilliance is! Calligraphers are even more numerous. The four most famous calligraphers are Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to amaze calligraphers. Even Qin Gui, the "great traitor", can learn a wonderful pen and dance well. If he is decent, he must be a calligrapher and writer, not to mention the heroes such as Yue Fei.
Due to the flourishing of culture, people in the Song Dynasty were divided into north and south:
There were four people in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao;
There were two processes in the Northern Song Dynasty: Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao (Neo-Confucianism);
There were three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu Xi, Zhang Wan and Lv Zuqian.
It is precisely because of the vigorous development of Song Wenhua that the Song Dynasty completed the "revival of Confucianism" and produced new Confucianism (that is, Neo-Confucianism), which made the traditional "Confucian Classics" enter a new stage of "Song Studies" and promoted the in-depth development of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
"Ci" rose at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and reached its peak through the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. Therefore, there are Tang poems, Song poems, Yuan songs, etc. It can be seen that Ci is one of the representatives of Song culture and one of Depth Charge. To study the culture of Song Dynasty, it is necessary to understand its ci firstly, and when is the bright moon written by Su Shi is the most representative. Almost everyone knows this word, and everyone knows it. Even ordinary children can sing two sentences. The whole poem is elegant, floating, making people feel like they are in a fairyland, but also lonely and sad, which can be described as the pinnacle. Give full play to the advantages of Shuidiao's epigraph names to the extreme! "Jiang Chengzi? Hunting in Michigan is also written by him. Other poets have also made great achievements, even female poets such as Li Qingzhao are familiar with it, but women who are good at writing and reach such a level are only Li Qingzhao in the Song Dynasty throughout the ages. Also, if I list the people of Song Ci one by one, I may not say it all in one day. If you go on, you will only count the nine Niu Yi hairs of the "Ci" culture in the Song Dynasty. Take "Song Ci" as an example. The whole book has more than 1,3 poets and nearly 2, poems. Kong Fanli's Supplement to the Songs of the Song Dynasty has added hundreds of poets on the original basis, with more than 4 poems, which is enough to reflect the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty, to reflect that Ci is worthy of being the representative of Song culture, and to show Song Wenhua's cheerful vitality!
"Poetry" is the essence of China's ancient literature. In Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "poetry" was raised to a new level, a more popular level and a more free metrical level. Although Song Dynasty was the heyday of "Ci", it was also a country of "poetry". Whether we are in primary schools, middle schools, universities or even graduate students, the poems of the Tang, Song and Dynasty are the most exposed. Poetry in Song Dynasty is the continuation, further development and breakthrough of poetry in Tang Dynasty. There were more poets and more poems in the Song Dynasty, and the types and forms of poems reached an unprecedented level in the Song Dynasty. As far as I know, Peking University is compiling The Complete Poems of Song Dynasty. According to preliminary statistics, there are no fewer than 9, authors, four times as many as The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty! As far as the number of individual poems is concerned, the individual with the most poems was born in the Song Dynasty. Let's always remember the name of this person who cares about the country and the people! He is Lu You. Do you still remember this great poet's dying wish for national rejuvenation? Do you remember his last words? If you forget, then listen! What a simple language it is to say, "Julian Waghann will celebrate the Central Plains Day in the north, and family sacrifices will be told without forgetting"! The last words of a patriotic righteous man, I didn't see Zionism before my death, and I will hear the news after my death ... My children! Don't forget to tell your father this news on the day of the restoration of the country in DaSong Dynasty ... so that I can close my eyes in grave ...
I closed my eyes when I wrote this, but I don't know why I couldn't stop crying. Yes, yes, I did shed tears, and I shed tears to my heart's content, not only for the sadness hidden in the "poetry", but also for thousands of patriots like Lu You in Qian Qian, and even more for the final fate of the Song Dynasty! (Hehe ..... the keyboard is wet. Let's take a rest. Let's cheer up and continue to write.) Poetry of Tang and Song Dynasties is a huge treasure house, which is inexhaustible. Poetry contains countless wealth of knowledge, but we have little knowledge and development of this treasure house. Can we not regret it? With so many potential resources waiting for us to develop, why are we not tempted?
I talked about the four great calligraphers before, so I won't say much about calligraphy. The achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty are well known to the world, but what painters emerged in the Song Dynasty? The most famous painters are: Zhao Ji, Fan Kuan, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Guo Xi, Li Tang and Zhang Zeduan. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, which is famous in the art world, was written by Zhang Zeduan. Throughout the history of China, the landscape painting of the Song Dynasty is the most representative of the highest artistic achievement of Chinese painting. Sometimes it's as broad as a rainbow, sometimes it's as ethereal as a fairy, and the artistic conception is as flowing as a cloud, and the meaning is as flowing as water. In the Song Dynasty, landscape painters were talented and had their own strengths. For example, painters in the Northern Song Dynasty are Fan Kuan (known for its lofty mountains and snowy scenery), Xu Daoning (known for its wild trees and wild waters), Guo Xi (known for depicting the subtle changes in the four seasons), Li Cheng (known for his foresight in Selinping), Hui Chong and Zhao Linglong (known for his lyrical small scenes), Mi Fei and Mi Youren (also known for his Yunshan ink play).
Xia Gui, Ma Yuan, Li Tang and poetic landscape paintings in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect the constant change and development of landscape painting art. They and Liu Songnian * * * are called the four schools in the Southern Song Dynasty, and there are also many unknown or reclusive folk painters. It can be seen that the painting and calligraphy in Song Dynasty has reached the peak of Chinese artistic creation.
In addition, the story-telling book, which emerged in the Song Dynasty, also opened a new era in the history of Chinese literature, which can be said to be the first of vernacular novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Meanwhile, the popular culture has flourished in this period, such as shadow play, burlesque, acrobatics, puppet show, zaju, talking and so on.
With the rapid development of economy, the material life has become more and more superior, and the prostitution industry has certainly flourished. Prostitutes in Song Dynasty were clearly divided into four categories: commercial prostitutes, geisha, vocal prostitutes and official prostitutes. Of course, this prostitute is not another prostitute. Most of them don't sell themselves, but only perform arts. And quite a few of them are proficient in piano, chess, books, paintings, songs and poems. Some prostitutes can even form their own families, that is, folk artists now. Among these four types of geisha, the official prostitute is the most talented and attractive, and the natural official prostitute has a high status.
During the Song Dynasty, all tea cultures were tasteful and could be prepared according to personal preferences. It was not so much tea as tea drinks, and even tea cups could be divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and blue-white glaze. It can be seen that the Song people are also superior, so enjoy it. In the Song Dynasty, there was also the wind of fighting tea, and various petal teas were popular among the people. Emperor Huizong also introduced tea culture in twenty articles in Daguan Tea Theory. It can be said that the tea culture in Song Dynasty is a comprehensive embodiment of the elite culture and popular culture in ancient China, and it is a culture with elegance and vulgarity.
Because Huizong loves jade very much, the jade carving art has made great progress. At the same time, woodcarving, bamboo carving, lacquerware, rubbings, seals, bronzes, gold and silver wares, tooth horns, pens, ink, paper, inkstones and so on all have extremely high attainments, which all show the superb and profound culture and art of the Song Dynasty!
The Song Dynasty also created the "Song Style Characters" that are now used, which shows that its influence on the characters is quite profound.
Great changes have also taken place in the field of history in the Song Dynasty. There are various genres of historiography in the Song Dynasty, with the emergence of local chronicles and epigraphy (similar to archaeology). There are also a lot of historical works, and famous historians come forth in large numbers, reaching the peak of the development of ancient historiography in China. China's earliest dictionary Shuo Wen Jie Zi has been lost since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was also re-edited by Xu Xuan's brothers in the Song Dynasty.
Most scholars believe that before the founding of New China, China culture had experienced three major climaxes:
1. A hundred schools of thought contended during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period;
2. Cultural revival in Song Dynasty;
3. The New Culture Movement after the May 4th Movement;
Chen Yinque once said, "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years, reaching its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties". These evaluations are worthy of attention. Historian Toynbee (England) once said, "If I had a choice, I would like to live in the Song Dynasty in China". Mr. Yu Qiuyu once said, "The dynasty I yearn for most is the Song Dynasty!" . Even Deng Guangming once said, "The height of material civilization and spiritual civilization in the Song Dynasty can be said to be unprecedented in the whole feudal social and historical period!" . It can be seen that the culture of Song Dynasty attracted many literati and elegant guests, and it was indeed unprecedented in the whole feudal social and historical period!
Third, agricultural leap
As we all know, if you want to know the development of productive forces, the ruling class and natural conditions in a feudal society, agriculture is undoubtedly the most direct barometer. What about the agricultural situation in the Song Dynasty?
The yield per unit area of crops in Song Dynasty is quite amazing! According to Mr. Meng Wentong's research, the average yield per mu in Tang Dynasty was about 1.5 stones (5% higher than that in Han Dynasty), while the average yield per mu in Song Dynasty was about 2 stones, about 3% higher than that in Tang Dynasty. The yield of cash crops, whether planting tea, cotton, sugarcane, mulberry and sericulture, is higher than that of Tang Dynasty. The division of production is also very careful, which is mainly manifested in cash crops. For example, in the tea production in the Song Dynasty, there appeared gardeners who specialized in planting and processing tea for a living in the area south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, and the output was quite abundant, and the types of agricultural products also showed signs of obvious increase.
the song dynasty also greatly promoted traditional crops, especially wheat in the south.