a small bridge is flowing with water, and

an ancient road is a thin horse with a west wind.

when the sun sets,

heartbroken people are at the end of the world.

Translation

Crows returning to their nests at dusk are inhabited by old trees with withered vines.

Several families are reflected by the gurgling water beside the small bridge.

On the desolate ancient road, a lonely thin horse comes facing the bleak autumn wind.

The sunset has set to the west, and the wandering wanderers are still at the end of the world.

Life Introduction

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Ma Zhiyuan was born in 125 AD and died around 1321 AD. He was a famous playwright in the Yuan Dynasty. Most (now Beijing) people. Ma Zhiyuan's name is unknown. The name "Dongli" was later to show the ambition of Tao Yuanming. His generation was later than Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu and others, and his date of birth should be before Zhiyuan (beginning in 1264), and his date of death should be between Zhiyuan and Taiding (1321-1324). Ma Zhiyuan, as well as Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, was known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera", and was a famous dramatist and essayist in the Yuan Dynasty. In his youth, his career was bumpy, and he was a scholar in middle age. He used to be an official in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and later served as the director of the Ministry of Industry in Dadu (now Beijing). In his later years, Ma Zhiyuan was dissatisfied with the current political situation, lived in seclusion in the countryside, amused himself with a cup, and was buried in his ancestral home after his death.

life story is unknown. From his Sanqu works, we can know that when he was young, he was keen on fame, and he had the political ambition of "helping the country and taking the cloud hand", but he never realized it. After twenty years of wandering, he saw through the humiliation of life, and then he had the idea of retiring from the nymphs, and lived a leisurely life of "friends in the Woods" and "outsiders" in his later years. Ma Zhiyuan participated in the creation of zaju in his early years, and was the main member of Zhenyuan Book Club. He had contacts with Wang Bocheng, Li Shizhong, Hua Lilang and Li Er, the artist, and was also one of the most famous "Four Masters" at that time. Ma Zhiyuan has been engaged in the creation of zaju for a long time, and his reputation is also great, and he is known as the "number one composer". There are 15 kinds of his works recorded, including Autumn in the Han Palace, Commending the Blessed Monument, Yueyang Tower, Tears of Shirt, Chen Tuan's High Sleeping, Ren Fengzi, and Huangliangmeng, which he collaborated with several artists. The most famous is Autumn in Han Palace. Sanqu has Dongli Yuefu. Xiao Ling's Tian Jing Sha * Qiu Si is well-known and known as the "ancestor of Qiu Si".

Style of the work

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The bold and unconstrained style shows its elegance and melancholy style

The language of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju is beautiful, and it is good at tempering simple and natural sentences into exquisite and expressive expressions. Quwen is full of strong lyricism and subjectivity.

Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu. Expand the field of subject matter and improve artistic conception. The tone is harmonious and beautiful, the language is simple and generous, and both elegance and vulgarity are used.

The words are clear and elegant, but not rich, and Taihe Zhengyin Spectrum is rated as "Ma Dongli's words, such as Chaoyang Mingfeng. Its dictionary is elegant and beautiful, which can be compared with Lingjing Guangfu, and it has the meaning of vibrating and screaming. And if the phoenix flies in the sky, how can it talk to every bird? It is advisable to be above the heroes.

Introduction to the former residence

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Who's the home with a small bridge and flowing water-the former residence of Ma Zhiyuan, a dramatist of the Yuan Dynasty

In the small mountain village of Xiluopo, Jiuyuan Village, Wangping Town, Mentougou District, west Beijing, there is an ancient house of the Yuan Dynasty, and the villagers have told each other from generation to generation that this is the former residence of Ma Zhiyuan.

In the history of Chinese literature, the drama of the Yuan Dynasty can be said to be a brilliant page, with many famous great dramatists and many excellent plays. Moreover, many dramatists are mostly Beijingers, such as Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu and Ma Zhiyuan in the famous "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". Their plays are often performed in Goulan Washe in Brick Pagoda Hutong in the West City, and sometimes they appear in BLACKPINK in person. Many plays in the Yuan Dynasty, such as Guan Hanqing's Dou E Yuan, Wang Jiang Ting, Wang Shifu's The West Chamber, and Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Han Palace (that is, Princess Hanming or Zhao Jun's Embarkation), are still playing for a long time. Beijing can be said to be one of the birthplaces of Chinese drama.

There are few biographical data of many dramatists in the Yuan Dynasty, and most of them are found in the books "Record of Ghosts" and "Collection of Brothels" which specially introduce the dramatists and works of the Yuan Dynasty. Now, the only clue is the former residence of the great dramatist Ma Zhiyuan.

Jiuyuan Village, where the former residence is located, is the crossing of the "Wang Ping Ancient Road", which passes through Wang Ping, Datai, Muchengjian, Zhuanghu Village, Qianjuntai, Zhangjiacun, Qilifen and other villages and towns in Mentougou District, and then meets Jingxi Avenue in Junxiang Township. Jiuyuan Village consists of Jiuyuan Village, Dongluopo Village, Xiluopo Village and Qiaoerjian Village. Ma Zhiyuan's former residence is in Xiluopo Village, facing east from west. It is a big quadrangle. In front of the former residence is a small bridge with flowing water, and the screen wall in front of it reads "Former Residence of Ma Zhiyuan", with an introduction of Ma Zhiyuan's life. Bypass the screen and come to the yard. The yard is very big, and there are rooms in the northwest and southeast, with three or five rooms on each side. Because no one has lived for a long time, it is now very dilapidated, with weeds and sundries all over the ground. Ma Zhiyuan's famous song "Tianjingsha Qiu Si": "A dead vine and an old tree faint crow, a small bridge and a flowing family, an ancient road and a thin horse, the sun sets, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world". It is a portrayal of the vicissitudes of the ancient road in Jingxi.

according to the history of China literature and other records, Ma Zhiyuan (125-1324) was a thousand miles long, and his name was Dongli. Most people are from Beijing. Known as the "pear garden with fragrant names", he was the main member of the literary organization "Zhenyuan Book Club" at that time. Dissatisfied with the corruption of the officialdom, Ma Zhiyuan lived in seclusion in the mountains and lived a life of "a fairy in wine, a stranger outside the dust, a friend in the forest and a middle reaches of the song". There is no clear written record of where this mountain forest is. However, villagers in Xiluopo Village of Jiuyuan Village have passed down from generation to generation, and this is the former residence of Ma Zhiyuan. This shows the people's love for this great dramatist. People are also more willing to believe his other famous song "Qing Jiang Yin Ye Xing": "The West Village is growing longer and fewer people, which is a new cicada noise. Just as the sunflower blooms, the bees make trouble early, and the dream on the high pillow goes with the butterfly. " It is written about Xiluopo Village.

Zaju

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There are sixteen kinds of Zaju written by Ma Zhiyuan, among which are Tears of Sima Qing in Jiangzhou, Autumn in the Palace of the Han Dynasty, Three Drunken Yueyang Tower in Lv Dongbin, A Blessed Monument Commended by Thunder in the Midnight, Ma Danyang's Three-time Ren Fengzi, Opening the Altar to Teach Huang Liangmeng, and. Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu works are also well-known. There is a volume of Dongli Yuefu, with 14 poems and 17 sets. The contents of his zaju are mainly deified Taoist priests, and all the scripts involve stories of Quanzhen religion. In the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Jia Zhongming said in his poems: "The immortal horse is among the flowers, and the immortal is concentrated on reaching far" and "The name is fragrant all over the pear garden".

During Ma Zhiyuan's life, Mongolian rulers began to pay attention to "following the Chinese law" and appointing Han literati, but it was not universally implemented, which brought a little fantasy and more disappointment to Han literati. In his early years, Ma Zhiyuan had ambitions in official career. In a set of stray songs, he claimed that "he wrote poems and offered them to the Dragon House", but it was fruitless for a long time. Later, as a local small official, he was completely dissatisfied, and his working time was probably not long. In such a wasted experience, he gradually became disheartened. While complaining, he claimed that he had seen through secular fame and fortune, regarded himself as a hermit and sought liberation in Taoism.

Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty is Ma Zhiyuan's early work, and it is also the most famous of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, which plays the story of Wang Zhaojun's departure from the fortress and his marriage. This incident in history was originally only the Han and Yuan emperors' marrying a maid-in-waiting to the attached South Xiongnu Khan as a means of netting, and the record in Hanshu is also very simple. The Story of the Southern Xiongnu, however, adds the story of Zhao Jun's invitation to leave the fortress and the fact that the Yuan Emperor was surprised by his beauty and wanted to stay but could not, which makes it a story. Later note novels, literati poems and folk singing literature have repeatedly mentioned this matter, which has greatly improved the historical facts.

Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty" adds fiction on the basis of legend, describing the relationship between Han and Xiongnu as a weak Han dynasty oppressed by powerful Xiongnu; Write the reason why Zhaojun went to the fortress as Mao Yanshou failed to ask for bribes, vilified Zhaojun in the portrait, fled to Xiongnu after the defeat, led troops to attack, and forced Suo Zhaojun; Write Yuan Di as a weak, sentimental and deeply loving emperor of Wang Zhaojun; The ending of Zhaojun was written as suicide by throwing himself into the river in Heilongjiang at the junction of Han and Xiongnu. In this way, "Autumn in the Han Palace" has become a kind of court love tragedy that is largely fictional under the pretext of a certain historical background.

Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty may contain some national sentiments. However, we should pay attention to Ma Zhiyuan's basic attitude towards life, which is either actively seeking fame under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty or treating all values as illusory. Therefore, it is inappropriate to overemphasize this aspect. Where this play is directly related to real life, it mainly reflects the personal misfortune in the national war. For example, Jin married a princess under the oppression of Mongolia, and his concubines and maids were all taken to the north after the death of Song Dynasty. These contemporary historical facts will give the author a deep feeling. The Autumn of the Han Palace is the last play, and the main character is the Emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the play, the emperor can't dominate himself and keep the woman he loves. Then, the inner emotion that the individual is dominated by fate and bumped by the great changes in history is even stronger. In fact, the Han and Yuan emperors in Ma Zhiyuan's works also showed more emotions and desires of ordinary people.

< Han Gongqiu > The third fold in <; Mei Huajiu > His writing is particularly touching. He vividly describes the sad expression of Emperor Han Yuan after Zhaojun left, and he is also worthy of being a master of Sanqu.

When the liegeman advised Emperor Han Yuan to abandon Zhaojun on the grounds of "losing the country with women", he said angrily, "Although there are successes and failures like Zhaojun, who is like this? Your official position as a son of heaven is not free!" When Baqiao saw him off, he said with emotion, "My husband and wife were quick, and our little family also pretended to go out."

Show admiration for the common life of husband and wife. In particular, the fourth verse of "The Lonely Goose Dreams" is a long and sad lyric, which shows the infinite love of the Han and Yuan emperors for their lovers and makes the tragic atmosphere of the script more intense. Here, while portraying dramatic characters, it also directly expresses the author's feelings about historical changes and impermanence of life.

The Monument to the Blessing is also an early play by Ma Zhiyuan. It was unlucky to write Zhang Gao, a poor scholar, and he was unlucky again and again. Even the elders of Jianfu Temple asked him to print the inscriptions in the temple and sell them as travelling expenses for the exams in Beijing. Lightning would destroy the inscriptions in the middle of the night. Later, luck changed, and with the support of Fan Zhongyan, he won the top prize and made great achievements. Many places in the play show dissatisfaction with the current social situation, such as: "This wall blocks the virtuous road, and that wall blocks the official career. Nowadays, the smarter you are, the smarter you suffer. The more you are demented, the more you enjoy dementia. The more you paste, the more you get rich. " This play reflects the author's discontent and fatalistic outlook on life, and also reflects the anguish of many contemporary literati in the extremely low social status.

Tears of the Shirt is a love drama based on Bai Juyi's Pipa, which fictionalizes the story of joys and sorrows between Bai Juyi and Pei Xingnu, a prostitute, with the deception and destruction of a businessman and a madam in the middle, resulting in drama disputes. In the triangle relationship composed of scholars, businessmen and prostitutes, prostitutes love scholars rather than businessmen after all, which is also a kind of narcissism of depressed literati.

Ma Zhiyuan wrote the most drama about "Immortality and Daoism". Yueyang Tower, Chen Tuan's High Sleeping, Ren Fengzi and Huangliangmeng all narrate the deeds of Quanzhen religion and propagate its teachings. The main tendency of these Taoist fairy stories is to preach that life is like a dream, wealth and fame are not enough, and to ask people to tell me everything, get rid of all the fetters of family, wife and children, and get relief and freedom in seclusion in the mountains and seeking immortality. In the play, it advocates avoiding realistic contradictions and opposing people's struggle for their own realistic interests, which is a cowardly and pessimistic attitude. On the other hand, the drama also criticizes the current social situation, negates the traditional values centered on fame and fortune, and puts the "self-adaptation" of life in a more important position, which also contains the significance of attaching importance to the value of individual existence, although the author failed to find a reasonable way to realize individual value. Among the numerous writers of Yuan Zaju, Ma Zhiyuan's creation most intensively shows the inner contradictions and ideological depression of contemporary literati, and thus reflects the cultural characteristics of an era. In connection with this, Ma Zhiyuan's plays are not strong in realism, and the characterization is not very prominent. Drama conflicts usually lack tension, but there are many elements of self-expression. Including the works with historical themes such as Autumn in the Han Palace, the characters in the play often dissociate from the drama conflict and make a long lyric, which is often the author's expression of his emotions through the characters in the play. For example, Lv Dongbin sang "He Xinlang" in "Yueyang Tower": Look at the old country of enter the dragon, I laugh at the treacherous Cao Cao, and I cry and mourn for the overlord. Laugh for the rise and fall and lament, but the setting sun is late. If you miss us for a hundred years, you are in the middle of this twist. I heard the tea drinkers in front of the building, arguing like wild gulls on the river, and the situation of people in a hundred years was illusory. This is actually a feeling of life that the author has written many times in his Sanqu. As mentioned above, the dramatic effect of most zaju in Ma Zhiyuan is not very strong. There are two main reasons for the high evaluation of his zaju by predecessors: first, the life emotions expressed in the drama are easy to arouse the admiration of scholars in the old days, and second, the superb language art. The language of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju is classical, but it is not as gorgeous as The West Chamber and Wutong Rain. Instead, it refines the simple and natural sentences into exquisite and expressive expressions. For example, a Yao Folk Song, written in Autumn of the Han Palace, describes "Surprising the Wild Goose": Ya Ya flies over Liaohuating, and the lonely goose never leaves Phoenix. The iron horse clanged between the eaves, and the royal couch in the hall was deserted. Cold is even more, rustling leaves, candles are dark and Nagato is quiet.

Sanqu

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Ma Zhiyuan was also a master of Sanqu, a master of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty. Today, there are more than 13 Sanqu, and his landscape works, such as Qiu Si, are picturesque and lingering. His works of lamenting the world can also vividly express his feelings. Among the writers of Sanqu in the Yuan Dynasty, he is regarded as the leader of the "bold and unconstrained" school. Although he also has elegant works, his language is mainly sparse and bold, and his language melts poetry and spoken language into a furnace, creating a unique artistic conception of the song.

[Double Tone] Shouyang Qu Xiaoxiang Night Rain

The fishing lights are dim, and the guests dream back, one after another, which is heartbreaking. Wan Li, the home of the lonely boat, is a tear from people's market.

[double tone] The night bell of Shouyang Quyan Temple

The cold smoke is fine, the ancient temple is clear, and the Buddha is quiet near dusk. How can you teach the old monk to meditate when the bell rings three or four times in the west wind?

[double tone] Shouyang Qushan City is sunny and blue

Outside Huacun Village, Caodian is west, and it is sunny and rainy in the evening. In the residual photos of the surrounding mountains, the Jinping wind adds greenery.

[Double Tone] Shouyang Qu Yuan Pu Fan Gui

At sunset, wine was idle, and two or three flights never landed. It's late in the cottage, and the fish sellers at the broken bridge end are scattered.

[Double Tone] Sunset in Shouyangqu Fishing Village

Ring the bell and flash the twilight. Green Di Yang sang several times and hung several idle nets in Chai Men, all of which were gathered on the fishing map.

[Yuediao] Tianjingsha Qiu Si

Old trees with withered vines faint crows, small bridges with flowing water, old roads with thin horses in the west wind. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world.

[Nanlu] Four pieces of jade are amazing.